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Fragile Environments (Main causes and consequences of deforestation…
Fragile Environments
Arctic
Exxon Valdez oil spill
24th March 1989
Oil spill in Prince William mouth Alaska
Oil spilt on coast
Loss of many marine species
Svalbard
4 months complete darkness
In winter it can get as low as -40°C
Polar bear is the most frequent animal here
Other animals - Arctic fox, Terns, Ptarmigan, Svalbard reindeer and Copapod
Those animals endangered due to global warming
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Nenets
One of the fewest Arctic tribes in the world
Travel south every year with about 10,000 reindeers to be slaughtered and sold for money to live for the rest of the year
Could misinterpret the situation understanding that the pumps underneath the peninsula are a good thing but they're actually not so they'll be kicked out by people who they think are good
Pipes under Yamal peninsula with gas and pumps will be needed to be built underneath so the Nenets might be kicked out of their homes by selfish not thinking about them
Many gas and oil reserves in the Arctic circle causes pollution and rising sea levels which can cause a loss of habitat for the Nenets who live on snow
Live in tent like homes called Chuns
Live in Yamal peninsula of Northern Russia on tundra biomes
What are they
Means places that are sensitive to human activity and nature
Examples
Amazon
Arctic
Rainforests
Deserts
Coastal areas
Areas near volcanos or on earthquake fault lines
Amazon
Rainforest structure
Canopy/emergent layer - tallest layer as plants/trees compete for sunlight to grow tall. Can be 40m tall. Traps sunlight for photosynthesis
Middle and lower layers - Don't grow as tall (10-25m) as it is darker there than the canopy.emergent layer.
Lower trees and shrubs - 5-15m off the ground
Ground vegetation - where dead organic matter falls. Then rapidly decomposes and is broken down into soil and nutrients which are used by the trees. Very dark as most of the light is trapped by trees above
Average rainfall each month is about 180mm. Due to hot temperatures all year round leading to conventional rainfall
Average temperature is about 28°C due to Amazon rainforest lying on the equator so there is little annual variation
10 countries surrounding Brazil: Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Venezuela, Colombia, French Guinea, Suriname and Guyana
Plant adaptations in rainforest: trees are tall, vegetation is evergreen, shallow buttress roots, shallow spreading root system and leather, shiny and thick leaves
Tropics latitude - 23.5 degrees
What can be done to help
Impose greater tax on sales of timber from the rainforest
discouraging loggers from illegal logging which unnecessarily damages other trees
Set up more rainforest protected areas with guards to watch for loggers
Government could help local tribes whose homes are being lost due to deforestation
Introduce a policy whereby for every tree cut, 2 new seeds have to be planted in order to make the rainforest bigger and less global warming
Spread awareness of current situation in rainforests and make people understand that there is a crisis so that they protest and save the rainforest
Rainforest could be declared a place for tourism which will keep the rainforest safe and protected and at the same time gaining profits from tourists
Adaptations in tropical rainforest
go to slide 34
Penan tribe
Base
Very protected of their base
Only made of wood
Live in temporary camps
Built together
No doors or walls
Social Characteristics
Protective of their area
Strong focus on family
Fed up of Malaysian people not helping them
Everyone gets involved
Hunt wild boar
Farm trees and use them to make sago flour
Use poison darts to shoot animals high in trees
Food is shared equally amongst people
Visitors are part of family
Threats from outside life
Bulldozers and loggers making the forest and their habitat smaller
Their land being taken away from them
Strangers taking pictures of the tribe
Muddy streams created due to logging
Sarawak government gives 70% of the rainforest to the loggers
Western demands for resources like palm oil
Main causes and consequences of deforestation
Humans burn fossil fuels leads to global warming which causes ice to melt and polar bears drowning and dying
Overfishing means we take too much fish than we need so fish will become an endangered species and will die
Dynamite fishing causes loss of coral reefs so fish have nowhere to live
Loss of trees means rain water hits soils causing it to erode
Forest fires cause loss of habitats and trees for agriculture and emits CO2 which is a greenhouse gas
Overcrowding causes too many people without supplies which would've run out and so non-renewable energy use increases
Landslides could wipe out shanti towns
Tsunamis causes heavy floods and are earthquakes under water. Volcanos and hurricanes also cause hazards
Global warming causes the Earth's temperature to rise caused by greenhouse gases and can lead to a loss of habitats for penguins and polar bears
Deforestation causes the loss of trees which increases CO2 in the atmosphere and contributes to global warming
Desertification is where there are places you can't grow crops and get water
The yeetus feetus in the Amazon has caused mass destruction