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What was the relationship like between religion and foreign policy? (How…
What was the relationship like between religion and foreign policy?
How effective was foreign policy
Henry
The Pope
Reduced his power
Act in restraint of Appeals 1533
try to put pressure on him to get annulment but this didn't work
charged clergy of Praemunire in 1530
Submission of the clergy
Pope thought he would return to Catholicism and give up
The break with Rome
Excommunicated in 1538
France
First French war 1512-1514 (ended in peace treaty)
Second French war 1522-1525 (ended with Anglo-French treaty of the More)
1538: Truce of Nice between Charles and Francis lead to fear of invasion
1540: war between Charles and Francis (less fear of invasion)
1545: attempted invasion by French and French troops sent to Scotland
HRE
Charles V sacked Rome 1527
meant that Pope under Charles' control
Hindered the annulment because Charles was Catherine's nephew
1528: henry declared war on Charles over the Netherlands but this never took place
Scotland
Auld alliance between Scotland and France
1544: Hertford raided Scotland
1543: treaties of Greenwich was refused by Scotland
1542: Scots defeated at Solway Moss
Stard of 3rd French War and War against Scotland (ended in 1546 with Peace of Ardres)
German Protestants
1535: negotiations with Schmalkaldic league + search for alliance
1539: Cleves marriage negotiations
divorced her in 1540
Edward
HRE
Charles won a crushing victory over Protestant princes of Germany at Battle of Muhlberg (1547)
BUT protestant princes had allied w/ Henry II of France and succeeded in driving Charles out of Germany
there had been a Habsburg-Valois war
Fear of Invasion from Charles
June 1549: Somerset got alliance with HRE like in 1544
failed to get support from Emperor Charles V on French/Scottish war
France
sent troops into England and reomved Mary QoS to France in 1548 (England couldn't marry her)
besieged Haddington (could use this to take Boulogne)
Treaty of Ardres: French to buy back Boulogne
1550: treaty of Boulogne
Somerset wanted Peace with France so tolerated their provocations such as military help to Scotland
also wanted to prevent renewal of Alliance between France and Scotland
Scotland
conflict with scotland over failure of treaty of Greenwich
Somerset wanted to achieve marriage alliance and conquer Scotland
Battle of Pinkie 1547 = indecisive victory
then entered Edinburgh and captured all of main border stongholds but had to go to London b/c of domestic matters
Jan 1548: appealed to Scots to agree to marry Edward and Mary
garrisoning policy was ineffective
was REALLY expensive (more so than its raids)
Mary
Spain
married Philip of Spain
terms of marraige were
heir would inherit England and low countries but not Spain
Philip had no sovereign authority
Englad to uphold treaties with Netherlands against France
if no heir, Philip's would have no claim to the throne
caused Wyatt's rebellion
When father abdicated, Philip became ruler of Spain
Scotland
when declared war on France garrisons in scotland were strengthened
France
Hapsburg-Valois war had dominated European policy for 30 years
marriage to Philip can't have been good for relationships with France
Mary acted as mediator between Habsburgs and France at Gravelines in 1555 (wanted to keep peace)
Philip attacked Paul 1556 (he was allied with French)
June 1557: England declared war on France
1558: French captured Calais fortress
In response English attacked Brest but only captured Le Conquet
In Cateau-Cambresis agreement between Philip and France, he didn't try to recover Calais for England
Significance of loss of Calais
lost trade that came through the port
was bad for her image (and that of return to catholicism b/c thought this was cause of loss of Calais
pope
didn't return papal supremacy because Pope Paul (1555) came to power and he didn't like Philip (philip attacked him in 1556)
Elizabeth
Spain
Philip proposed marriage but she refused
Pope
was excommunicated in 1570
France
England still had committed military resources to war with France
needed to get peace with France and Scotland
1559: Cateau Cambresis 1559: french had control of Calais for eight years after which the town would go back to England (if England kept the peace)
French also to Pacify the Scottish border
Francis married mary QoS
1562: persuaded to intervene in French Wars of Religion in support of Huguenot cause (french protestants)
wanted to regain Calais
failure = lost Le Havre + Treaty of Troyes meant France got Calais w/o payment
Scotland
Mary QoS' mother tried to use French troops to strengthen psoition
French troops arrived to garrison Scottish defences + there was a protestant revolt
return of John Knox = encouraged rebels to attack govenrment and French (called on English to help them defeat the French
English navy dispatched to stop French troops from landing
Elizabeth had secretly agreed to support the Scots but procrastinated until she was sure Philip wouldn't intervene
1560: army sent w/ some success = Treaty of Edinburgh
Was religion at the root of alliances, enemies and wars in this period or was it other factors?
Henry
The Pope excommunicated Henry in 1538 because of the Break with Rome so that was religious factors
Would have been historical factors as well
religion didn't affect it
Anglo-Imperial Alliance 1543 (but treaty ending war between France and Charles V ended the alliance)
Foreign affairs did affect religious policy
1538: Truce between Charles V and France lead to Fear of Invasion = six articles
1540 cleves marriage agreement because of want for alliance with German Protestants
1535: Negotiations with Schmakaldic league b/c of search for Protestant alliance
1527: Anglo-French Treaties of Westminister and Amiens developed foreign policy geared towards gaining a divorce
Third French war 1542: possibly because of differing religious views (started with victory at Solway Moss)
Edward
Failure to get marriage from Mary may have been because she was a Catholic
Gaining alliance with Charles V in 1549 was because of fear of invasion to restore catholicism
could have also been because he wanted an alliance against current war with Scotland and France
More about Scotland than religion
wanted to take over Scotland
wanted Mary QoS to marry Edward (pretty sure she married Henry II of France)
Mary
Spain
because of same catholic views = marriage
marriage meant involvement in Valois-Habsburg war
marriage meant Pope Paul didn't want Mary to return under papal authority
France
even though catholic now, still went to war with France
Elizabeth
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis meant that there was not foreign threat and she could enforce her own religious policy
Support from Charles meant that he was able to warn off threats from papacy etc.
1562: persuaded to intervene in the French wars of religion in support of Huguenot cause