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Prokaryotes (Bacteria (Proteo Bacteria (Gamma (Thiomargarita namibiensis,…
Prokaryotes
Bacteria
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Chlamydias
Chlamydia trachomatis causes blindness and nongonococal urethritis , which is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the USA
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Ecological Interactions
Biofilm
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secrete signaling molecules that recruit nearby cells, causing the colonies to grow.
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can cause problems by contaminating industrial products and medical equipment and contributing to tooth decay and more serious health problems.
Symbiosis
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In general, the larger organism in a symbiotic relationship is known as the host, and the smaller is known as the symbiont.
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Parasitism
parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host.
Parasites that cause disease are known as pathogens, many of which are prokaryotic.
Uses of Prokaryotes
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Transgenic Plants
Example Maize, owes its existence to humans. Left on its own in nature, maize would soon become extinct for the simple reason that it cannot spread its seeds.
Make Plastics
some bacteria synthesize a type of polymer known as PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate), which they use to store chemical energy. The PHA can be extracted, formed into pellets, and used to make durable, yet biodegradable, plastics.
Bioremeditation
the use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water. For example, anaerobic bacteria and archaea decompose the organic matter in sewage, converting it to material that can be used as landfill or fertilizer after chemical sterilization. Other bioremediation applications include cleaning up oil spills and precipitating radioactive material (such as uranium) out of groundwater.
Bioengineering
Through genetic engineering, we can modify bacteria to produce vitamins, antibiotics, hormones, and other products
Nutritional Categories
Energy and carbon source
Photoautotroph
Photosynthetic prokaryotes: Cyanobacteria, plants , certain protists like algae.
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Metabolism
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Facultative anaerobes
use O2 if it is present but can also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration in an anaerobic environment.
Nitrogen Fixers
cyanobacteria and some methanogens (a group of archaea) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3), a process called nitrogen fixation
Methanogens
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Among the strictest of anaerobes, methanogens are poisoned by O2
Decomposers
break down dead organisms as well as waste products and thereby unlocking supplies of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements.
Reproduction
Asexual
Binary fission
a single prokaryotic cell divides into 2 cells, which then divide into 4, 8, 16, and so on.
Sexual
Transformation
the genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings.
Horizontal Gene transfer
additional diversity arises from genetic recombination, the combining of DNA from two sources.
Horizontal gene transfer can also spread genes associated with virulence, turning normally harmless bacteria into potent pathogens
Conjugation
DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells (usually of the same species) that are temporarily joined.
Transduction
phages (from “bacteriophages,” the viruses that infect bacteria) carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another. In most cases, transduction results from accidents that occur during the phage replicative cycle
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Lifestyles
Extremophiles
Halophiles
live in highly saline environments,
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Acidophiles
Thiobacillus acidophilus (a type of bacteria), Vorticella (a type of eukaryote), and Crenarchaeota (a type of archaea)
Alkalinophiles
Bacillus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces
Psychrophiles
Thiobacillus acidophilus (a type of bacteria), Vorticella (a type of eukaryote), and Crenarchaeota (a type of archaea)
