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Leadership (Are leaders born? (Physical Characteristics (Murray and…

- - - - They analysed original data from two studies to assess individual attitudes regarding the association between physical stature and political leadership.
        
        Findings from study 2 indicate that males with greater stature are more likely to think of themselves as qualified to be a leader and, through this increased sense of efficacy, they are more likely to demonstrate interest in pursuing a leadership position
        
        To conclude, the findings are consistent with emerging evidence from other research perspectives, political behaviour, in this case preferences regarding political leadership, is shaped by both environmental and evolutionary forces
        
        Findings from study 1 indicated that individuals tend to prefer leaders with greater physical stature
  - - - Unfortunately, no common/universal list of leadership traits surfaced. He concluded that "a person does not become a leader by virtue of the possession of some combination of traits, but the pattern of personal characteristics, activities, and goals of the followers
      - He identified 6 general factors he believes are associated with leaders: capacity (intelligence, verbal fluency, judgement), achievement, responsibility, participation, status, and situation. But he points out that there is not a universally accepted list of traits or behaviours
  - - - Extraversion was the most consistent correlate of leadership across study settings and leadership criteria (leader emergence and leadership effectiveness).
- - - - Hands off approach which allows group members to make the decisions; provides little to no direction; leadership style that leads to the lowest productivity among members, but can work well if followers are skilled/experienced, educated, and have a drive to be successful
    - - Makes all decisions and is motivated to complete the task as quickly and effectively as possible; does not take into account the opinions or preferences of the group; most effective when quick decisions are needed and in potentially dangerous situations
    - - Shares responsibility and decisions with the group; interested in developing meaningful interpersonal relationships with the group; effective in cooperative tasks with no time constraints and where personal support may be required
      - In most situations, a democratic leader produces the most productivity because they motivate the group independent of their constant leadership