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Gender and Politics (Gender and Political Participation (Why do these…

- - - - Women more likely to distrust politicians
      - There is a gender gap is activism across europe ... but UK this difference is among the worst
      - Women are less likely to participate in campaign-orientated activities
      - Women are more likely to participate in cause-orientated activities e.g. extinction rebellion
  - - - financial times audeince: 81% men and 19% women
      - the mirror audience: 53% men and 47% women
- - - - socialisation
      - education
      - access to political resources
      - disenfranchisement - feeling like they arent good enough
      - disproportional effort/success ratio in comparison to men
    - - discriminatory and exclusionary practices
  - - - It is voluntary so parties can adopt them if they want
      - Targets people who want to pursue the career not candidates
      - Occur in the UK in form of short lists (AWS)
    - - pros
        
        Women have the right as citizens to equal representation.
        
        Women's experiences are needed in political life
        
        Quotas imply that there are several women together in a committee or assembly, thus minimizing the stress often experienced by the token women.
        
        Election is about representation, not educational qualifications.
        
        Quotas for women do not discriminate, but compensate for actual barriers that prevent women from their fair share of the political seats.
        
        Women are just as qualified as men, but women's qualifications are downgraded and minimized in a male-dominated political system.
        
        It is in fact the political parties that control the nominations, not primarily the voters who decide who gets elected.
        
        Introducing quotas may cause conflicts, but only temporarily.
      - cons
        
        Quotas are undemocratic, because voters should be able to decide who is elected
        
        Quotas imply that politicians are elected because of their gender, not because of their qualifications and that more qualified candidates are pushed aside.
        
        Quotas are against the principle of equal opportunity for all, since women are given preference.
        
        Many women do not want to get elected just because they are women.
        
        Introducing quotas creates significant conflicts within the party organization.
- - - - 1960s - 1980s
      - focus on reducing inequalities in sex
      - in the family, workplace and legalities and reproductive rights
      - shift in focus from political institutions to social institutions
      - "the personal is the political"
        
        state as facilitating male dominance
        
        state as facilitating capitalism
        
        state as colonial, imperialist and racist
      - 1970: first national womens liberation movement
    - - 1990s to 2000s
      - focusing on embracing individualism and diversity
      - Loss of influence during this time was labelled as feminist fading due to lacking public activism
      - de-radicalisation of previous feminist movements
      - the third wave was crucial in theorising with many new forms of feminism being developed - vegetarian ecofeminism, transfeminism, racial feminism and postmdoern feminism
    - - 1900-1959
      - Women's suffragette movement
      - Also campaigns about property rights, work, education, family life and contraception
      - Was famously militant and focused on political insitutions
      - Faced serious backlash with the suffragette movement
      - 1919: The hague peace conference
    - - 2012-present
      - characterised by the empowerment process through the internet
      - focusing on combatting sexual harrassment, assault and misogyny
      - the role of power and sex and the stratification of traditionally marginalised groups
      - society would be more equitable through gender equality
  - - - Women were granted the right to vote in 1918 if they were over 30 and had the minimal property qualififcations
      - This became more lenient in 1928
      - Continuous increase in representation in the government except for small dip in 2001
    - - Marital rape was legal in England and Wales until 1991
      - 1 in 5 women between 16 and 59 has experienced some form of sexual violence
      - Currenty a gender pay gap of 10-20%
      - Women are hit hardest by austerity measure