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Chemistry - Acids, Bases & Salts (pH scale (Ranges between 0-14,…
Chemistry - Acids, Bases & Salts
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Experiment: to prepare a pure,dry sample of a soluble and insoluble salt, starting from an acid and alkali.
Insoluble salts
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e.g. to form the precipitate lead (II) sulfate then mix together lead (II) nitrate and sodium sulfate solutions.
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Method 4: Rinse the residue with distilled water (To remove any reacted chemicals e.g. Lead (II) nitrate.
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Soluble salts
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Samples of soluble salts (such as copper (II) sulfate) are made by reacting a base (usually a metal oxide or metal carbonate) with an acid.
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Method 8: Heat the mixture and evaporate approx 50% of the water (so that you have a saturated solution).
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Method 11: Leave the mixture somewhere warm e.g. on a sunny windowsill (to allow the water to evaporate).
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Prepare a sample of pure, dry lead (II) sulphate
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Use of litmus, phenolphthalein and mehtyl orange to distinguish between acidic and alkaline solutions
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Rules of solubility
Sodium, Potassium and ammonium compounds are all soluble.
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All sulfates are soluble expect for Barium, Calcium and Lead (II)
Carbonates are all insoluble expect for Sodium, Potassium and Ammonium.
Hydroxides are all insoluble expect for Sodium, Potassium and Calcium (Calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble).
Reactions of Acids with Metals, Bases and Metal Carbonate
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- Metal + Acid ---> Salt + hydrogen
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- Acid + Metal Carbonate ---> Salt + Carbon dioxide + water
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- Acid + Metal Oxide ---> Salt + water
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- Acid + Alkali ---> Salt + Water
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Experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of soluble salt, starting from an insoluble reactant.
Method
- Add a spatula of copper oxide to a beaker, then add 50 cm3 of sulphuric acid, Heat gently whilst stirring with a glass rod until the copper oxide dissolves. Ensure you have your goggles are on.
- Remove the beaker from the bunsen burner.
- Add more copper oxide using the spatula and stir until it is in excess (i.e. when no more dissolves).
- Fold the filter paper and put it into the funnel in the neck of a conical flask,
- Collect the filtrate and divide the mixture between two evaporating.
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