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Success of Crusades (First (Leadership (yes (Using religious zeal, Tactics…

- - - - Using religious zeal
      - Tactics
      - Early victories = intimidated Muslims
    - - Turks = different
      - Factionalism
      - Muslim Disunity
  - - - motive = size of crusade
      - Boosted Morale
        
        finding the Holy Lance in Antioch
      - Adhemar
        
        after he died = factionalism
    - - Religious zeal sometimes low
      - Leadership
      - Not everyone religiously motivated
  - - - Edessa
      - Taking land
        
        Antioch
        
        Jerusalem = pilgrimages
      - Ports after crusade
    - - Other factors
      - Byzantine Empire
        
        had to give land back to them
        
        Couldn't loot Nicaea
      - Ascalon
  - - - Byzantines
      - Italian sea powers
      - Muslims
        
        let them through
    - - Byzantines
      - strong Muslims attacks
      - Sea powers not always present
- - - - Louis
        
        Cared for troops
        
        handed over to Templars
      - Some victory against turks
        
        Dec 1147: Attack at Ephesus and defeated
        
        Turk attacks in Jan 1148 but repulsed
    - - Factionalism
      - Damascus siege
      - Crossing Anatolia
  - - - Louis
      - legend of crusading
      - Privileges offered
    - - Edessa
      - More social motives
      - Economic
        
        Lisbon didn't go to Outremer
  - - - Lisbon siege
  - - - Byzantine
      - Could argue that westeners were now outsiders
      - Italian sea powers?
    - - Byzantine
        
        Manuel reduces help after German crusade is destroyed
      - More Muslim unity
- - - - Saladin Tithe
      - Ports taken = Acre + Ascalon
    - - Philip not effective in collecting Saladin tithe
        
        leads to factionalism
      - didn't get to keep Ascalon
        
        also didn't try to take it
  - - - Treaty with Saladin
        
        treaty of Jaffa
        
        Franks to keep coast
      - byzantines not that bad
        
        helped siege of Acre because Saladin split his force and became too cautious
        
        Only had treaties to mutually respect eachother's religions
      - Italian sea powers
        
        William II of Sicily supplied fleets and Sicily as a launch pad
    - - Byzantium
        
        delayed Fred B and told Saladin about his departure to Acre
      - Saladin was still fighting them
        
        Treaty of Jaffa = Franks couldn't keep Ascalon
      - William of Sicily
        
        died 1189 = succession crisis + loss of ally
      - Cyprus
        
        Captured Richard's ppl when they landed = fight
  - - - Richard
      - United force after dispute over kingship
        
        guy showed his strength at Acre
      - Made Saladin Weaker
        
        defeated at Arsuf despite having double the army of crusaders
        
        died leaving empty treasury because of crusade
    - - not united force
        
        meant left J before could take it
      - Bad strategy
        
        didn't change course to egypt
      - Guy was very weak
        
        Conrad voted king of Jerusalem
  - - - aim of Jerusalem
      - wanted to fulfill vows = religious zeal
    - - wanting to take jerusalem impeded from taking Ascalon
- - - - Influence in Constantinople
      - tactically sound
        
        to go to Egypt first made sense
      - treaty of Venice
    - - Constantinople was weak
      - leader died: theobald of champagne
      - kept true aim secret from rank and file
        
        kept on changing course
  - - - for venetians
        
        got debt paid
        
        also got loot from constantinople
      - Wealth of Constantinople
        
        sack of constantinople = wealthy
        
        gained constantinople as well
    - - Couldn't pay venetians = finance crisis
        
        treaty of venice overestimated too much
        
        had to give a lot of wealth of Constantinople to venetians
      - Constantinople
        
        Alexios couldn't raise the full sum of money in agreement made with crusaders
      - not for venetians
        
        had to shut up shop for a year for an unfulfilled treaty
  - - - Byzantine
        
        would help pay for venetian debt
        
        would also supply crusade for rest
      - Venetians
        
        supplying ships
        
        treaty of Venice
    - - Byzantine
        
        couldn't pay debt to crusaders
        
        weak = greeks didn't like him
      - venetians
        
        diverted to Zara
        
        treaty of venice was over demanding
  - - - religious motves
        
        Venetians
        
        Simon de Montferrat
      - power over greek church
      - aim
        
        jerusalem
        
        attack egypt
    - - never got to Jerusalem
        
        released of vows after constantinople
        
        kept on changing course
      - Innocent couldn't control the crusaders
        
        was not there
        
        papal legate left
        
        excommunicated but then went back on his word
      - Attacked fellow christians
        
        Zara: ruler was on crusade
        
        meant that a lot of crusaders left (simon de Montferrat) so there was less manpower
        
        Sack of Constantinople