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Digestive/Urinary System (Stomach (The C-shaped stomach is on the left…
Digestive/Urinary System
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Mouth
Food enters the digestive tract through the mouth, or oral cavity, a mucous membrane-lined cavity.
The lips (labia) protect its anterior opening, the cheeks form its lateral walls, the hard palate forms its anterior roof, and the soft palate forms its posterior roof.
The uvula is a fleshy finger like projection of the soft palate, which extends downward from its posterior edge.
The space between the lips and cheeks externally and the teeth and gums internally is the vestibule.
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The lingual frenulum, fold of mucous membrane, secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements.
Pharynx
Part of the respiratory passageway; the oropharynx, posterior to the oral cavity;and the laryngopharynx, which is continuous with the esophagus below.
Esophagus
The esophagus, or gullet, runs from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach
Mucosa: the innermost layer, a moist membrane that lines the cavity, or lumen, of the organ
Function: Its consists of primarily of the surface epithelium , plus a small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria) and a scanty smooth muscle layer.
Submucosa: found just beneath the mucous. Function: soft connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, nerve endings, lymph nodules, and lymphatic vessels
Muscularis externa: is a muscle layer typically made up of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells.
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Its consists of a single layer of flat serous fluid-producing cells, the visceral peritoneum.
Visceral Peritoneum: is continuous with the slick, slippery parietal peritoneum, which lines the abdominopelvic cavity by way of a membrane extension, the mesentery.
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Stomach
The C-shaped stomach is on the left side of the abdominal cavity, nearly hidden by the liver and diaphragm.
The cardiac region(named for its position near the heart) surrounds the cardioesophageal, sphincter through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus.
The pylorus is continuous with the small intestine through pyloric sphincter, or valve.
When it is empty, it collapses inward on itself, and its mucosa is thrown into large folds called rugae.
The convex lateral surface of the stomach is the greater curvature; its concave medial surface is the lesser curvature.
The lesser omentum, a double layer of peritoneum, extends from the liver to the lesser curvature.
Greater omentum:, another extension of the peritoneum, drapes downward and covers the abdominal organs like a lacy apron before attaching to the posterior wall.
This otherwise smooth lining is dotted with millions of deep gastric pits, which lead into gastric glands that secrete the solution called gastric juice.
Chief cells: produce protein-digesting enzymes, mostly pepsinogens, and the parietal cells produce corrosive hydrochloric acid, which makes the stomach contents acidic and activates the enzymes.
After food has been processed in the stomach, it resembles heavy cream and is called chyme. The Chyme enters the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter.
Small Intestine
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Enzymes, produced by the intestinal cells and (more importantly) by the pancreas and ducted into the duodenum through the pancreatic ducts, complete the chemical break-down, of foods in the small intestine.
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Microville: are tiny projections of the plasma membrane of the mucosa cells that give the cell surface a fuzzy appearance, sometimes referred to as the brush border.
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