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Global traces / engaging with the global (Geography (Decolonising geogaphy…

- - - - evolutionary theory became a pseudo-scientific geographical racism, positing a hierarchy of human types according to climate, with white Europeans at the top (tropical climate produced less developed humans).
        Evolutionary theory also influenced social and political thinking about the ‘fitness’ and value of different types of people (Social Darwinism, eugenics) - e.g. work of Ellen Churchill Semple
      - Racialised thinking fed into everyday understanding of ‘race’ through popular culture, ‘race’ becomes normalised… these ideas did not stay within science, it becomes normalised in commodity cultures. E.g. soap adverts at this time pivoted around ‘washing away darkness’. Racial ideas enter mainstream understanding. Travel writing was the most popular genre in Victorian era. Race was part of everybody’s discourse. (Livingstone 1992)
  - - - ‘knowledge production and everyday relations are informed by European colonial modalities of power and propped up by imperial geopolitics and economic arrangements’ (Collard et al.2015, 323). Geography is informed from a very Western perspective and continues to be influenced by established colonial power relations
        
        . Instead, the decolonial turn encourages re-thinking the world from Latin America, from Africa, from Indigenous places and from the marginalised academia in the global South (Radcliffe 2017)
    - - British Geography students ‘have few opportunities to engage with and learn from anti-colonial, Indigenous and decolonial scholarship’ (Radcliffe 2017 331). We listen to a very narrow proportion of people who do not necessarily represent a ‘global geography’.
        
        as Tuck and Yang (2012) and, indeed, Ngugi Wa Thiong’o (2011), point out, decolonisation begins from the scholarship of black and indigenous peoples, and should be led by that scholarship
- - - - King 1990 - the development of London or Manchester cannot be understood without reference to India, Africa and Latin America, any more than the development of Kingston or Bombay can be understood without reference to the former
    - - Influence of imperialism also inscribed onto suburban landscape (and we still see this today) - e.g. street names relecting popular imperialism, for example 18 Kimberlys in London (British colonial secretary) Driver and Gilbert 1989
        Also in exterior design of home - Bungalow house type imported from Bengal, India
      - Manifest in grand displays - e.g. around parliament and Whitehall
- - - - British diet is nothing new. The history of British cuisine has long been one of transnational connections and flows. (Cook et al 1999)
        Fish and Chips, now cast as a domemstic fast food competing with the foreign imports of Chinese and Indian take-aways and American burger and pizza franchises, ‘conceals a hybrid cultural history… being the result of the late 19th C. fusion of French styles of preparing potatoes and an eastern European Jewish tradition of frying fish. (Back 1996).
    - - Hooks 1992 refers to this as consumer cannibalism - cannibalistic relationship with its Others; of its twin desire to ‘eat the other and [to] keep its border, too’ (Bost, 2003: 513). we want to consume the other but also maintain power hegemonies.
      - Then there’s an acceptance that, in order for these essentialized (culinary) cultures to be more comfortably digested by mainstream consumers, what has to be brushed aside are the ‘circumstances [that have] conspired to bring these cuisines into [our] world in the fi rst place’ (Heldke, 2003)
        
        Authenticity is therefore socially constructed and built around white cultural expectations—not the idealised food from a particular country, but rather as a consequence of intervening years of colonialism, immigration and globalisation.(Tan 2014) - We want to experience 'authentic' cuisine, but without straying too far our of our comfort zone
      - . Within commodity culture, ethnicity becomes spice, seasoning that can liven up the dull dish that is mainstream white culture.(Hooks 1992). Eating the other - 'exotic' cuisine as a way to consume the other
      - “When race and ethnicity become commodified as resources for pleasure, the culture of specific groups, as well as the bodies of individuals, can be seen as constituting an alternative playground where members of dominating races, genders, sexual practices affirm their power-over in intimate relations with the Other.” (bell hooks 1992).
    - - One Word: Slavery. Get this. Cocoa. Coffee. They drove the slave trade. They still drive the slave trade. So comparing your Black character to these foodstuffs? You can see why it’s cause for offense. (Collette 2014)