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Impacts of Third Crusade/ part between Third and Fourth Crusade (Impacts…
Impacts of Third Crusade/ part between Third and Fourth Crusade
Impacts on crusading
Crusading was questioned after the failure to reconquer Jerusalem- so needed to be reformed. Old crusading was focused on external good works, whilst new crusading focused on inner good works for penance.
Pope Innocent III believed that the failure of the third crusade was due to God punishing the Franks and thus the West needed to be cleansed.
The German Crusade- wanted to get support from the Pope to unite monarchs of Italy and Germany. Also wanted German to rule christendoom and have own empire? like Frederick Barbarossa. also because Richard's truce in 1192 had ended with the Muslims- needed another crusade as al-Adil was making new gains- e,g had taken Damascus in 1196.
Impacts on the Papacy
After the death of the Holy Roman Emperor- papacy became more independent- which meant the return of Innocent III's papal reform movement- he appointed papal legates- such as Fulk of Nuely who preached for it. he also developed a new financial system- 1/40th tax for 1 year and 10% levy on papal revenues and set up donation chests across Europe. also had changes to indulgences- had to have 2 years of crusading experience- but was reduced to 1 year and had to show penitence. but calling for crusade under latin church failed- as didnt recruit kings- as they were too busy.
Impacts on Tripoli and Antioch
1.When Saladin invaded the principality in 1188- Bohemond III had no allies and it never really recovered from Saladin's invasion.
2.In 1193- Leon of Armenia captured Bohemond III- Leon attempted to seize Antioch but was opposed by the latins and other eastern Christians- Bohemond III as relased after 2 years and due to Henry of Champagne's good leadership- arranged marraige between Bohemond III's son Raymond II to marry Leon II's niece Alice- so placed Armenian's in succession.
3.However- Bohemond III's other son Bohemond IV was declared heir of Antioch instead of Alice and Raymond II's child- which caused conflict- as others wanted Alice and Raymond's son.
4.Leon II then lay siege to Antioch- so Bohemond IV called help from Aleppo and Seljuks- but Leon was forced to withdraw. templars allied with Bohemond IV and Hospitalise allied with Leon
Impacts on Kingship of Jerusalem
1.Guy was released from being captured by Saladin in 1188- he attempted to reclaim his kingdom from Conrad of Montefrat- who was Tyre- Guys claim to the throne had been reduced by the death of his wife Sybil in 1190.
2.the heiress of Jerusalem was Isabella- who was married to Humphery of Toron - was persuaded to secure annulment to that marraige and so Conrad married himself to Isabella- Rochard I supported Guy, whilst Phillip II supported Conrad.
3.after siege of acre- Guy was claimed king of Jerusalem and Conrad was claimed heir- Conrad would have tyre, Sidon and Beruit- but still caused tensions as Conrad was unhappy with this-Conrad refused to rejoin the 3rd crusade and instead opened up negotiations with Saladin. In vote 1192- Conrad was voted to be king- so Richard gave Guy lordship of Cypurs- Conrad was never crowned king and was then assassinated.
4.Henry of Champagne became king of Jerusalem- married Isabella from May 1192- 1197- after the 3rd crusade- pisans attacked shipping to acre and then Aimery (Guy's brother) sided with the pisans - which angered Henry- caused him to arrest Aimery for treason- this angered Henry's vassels and Templars and Hospitallers- as Aimery was well respected in the Holy Land- Henry unable to arrest him and backed down. Aimery went to live in Cyprus with his brother Guy.
Henry of Champagen showed good leadership when he helped with dispute between Bohemond III and Leon King of Armenia- as he married Boehmond's son Raymond II with Leon's niece Alice. Henry and Aimery also managed to solve their disputes as Aimery was made king of Cypurs. He defeated Al- adil when he tried to attack Acre in 1197?
Henry of Cahmpagen died in September 1197- so Aimery succeeded the throne and married Isabella in January 1198- Aimery signed a truce with al- Afdil in July 1198- securing the possession of coast from Acre to as far as Antioch for 5 years. Then in September 1204- aimery and al-afdil signed a new truce for 6 years- al-afdil gave up Jaffa to Jerusalem and simplified the Christian pilgrim visits to Jerusalem.
Impacts on Muslims
Saladin died in 1193.
al - Adil- besieged Damascus in 1196 and also sized Cairo- he then went to try and attack Acre- as his truce had ended with the Franks- so Henry of champagne went out to meet al- adil with german crusade and manage to defeat Al-adil
1198- al- afdil signed a truce with Aimery in July
in September 1204- Aimery and Al- afdil had truce for 6 years- al- adil gave up Jaffa to Jerusalem and simplified Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem