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Disease Outbreaks and Surveillance (Definitions (* Resistance/Susceptibili…
Disease Outbreaks and Surveillance
Definitions
* Resistance/Susceptibility
: The ability of a person to defend themselves against the pathogenic processes of an organism
Outbreak
: same as epidemic, but in a smaller area
Herd Immunity
: A state where disease transmission is limited in the population due to a higher number of people being resistant to a disease (usually via vaccination)
Pandemic
: When an epidemic spread throughout the world
Sentinel Case
: The initial case, the first to be infected.
Epidemic
: An outbreak of disease that attacks many people at about the same time (and may spread through one or several communities)
Cluster
: This is a group of cases of a disease closely linked in time, place of occurrence, or both
Endemic
: The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group
Public Health Surveillance
How?
workable, uniform and continuous data collection methods; and
rapidity of collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of data
practical, clear case definitions for each disease;
What?
Infectious and Non-infectious Disease
Injury or Other Health Events
Morbidity (Illness) and Mortality (Death)
Why?
monitor health problems
generate data for planning and resources allocation
detect new risks and diseases (identify clusters/outbreaks)
Types of Surveillance
Active
: There’s a specific collection of data from healthcare providers or institutions
Sentinel
: This is usually from a sample of health care providers, provides some indication of trends
Passive
: It depends on the discretion or whim of the healthcare provider, even where notification is required by law