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Digestive and Urinary System (layers of the GI tract (from the most inner…
Digestive and Urinary System
major functions of the Digestive & Urinary System
consists of organs that are involve in the breakdown of food into molecules that can pass thru the wall of the digestive tract and can be taken up by the cells
ingestion
taking in of food through the mouth
propulsion and segmentation
mixing of food
forward movement and mixing of food down the GI tract
peristalsis
propulsion by contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal
digestion
process of breaking down larger food molecules into smaller molecules
mechanical digestion
physical breakdown of food by cutting and grinding
chemical digestion
requires enzymes
absorption
transport of digested end product into the blood and lymph through the wall of the GI tract
defecation
eliminating of indigestible substances from the body in the form of feces
major organs
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
alimentary canal
mouth
opening into the oral cavity
stomach
located left of abdominal cavity in left hypochondriac region
esophagus
collapsible tube that runs from the pharynx to the stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus
pharynx
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
accessory organ
salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
digestive enzymes
pepsin
protein digesting enzyme in the stomach
duodenal enzyme
enzymes in duodenum digest all foods groups but requires neutral pH work
pancreas
produces digestive enzymes lipase, releases enzymes into duodenum
location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
the digestion of carbohydrates starts at the mouth
absorption
transport of digested end product into blood and lymph through the wall of the GI tract
chemical digestion
located in the stomach
the digestion of starch begins
mechanical digestion
located in the stomach
also can be done by the teeth by mastication
digestion
the breaking down of food
layers of the GI tract
also called alimentary canal or digestive tract
tube within a tube and it is an open system
continuous tube running from mouth to anus for passage of food
accessory organ
supply secretion such as enzymes, saliva, mucus, etc., aiding in the breakdown of food
from the most inner layer or linning to the exterior
mucosa
in contact with the food
submucosa
muscularis or muscular layer
thick
serosa
thin
mucosa
mucus membrane
epithelium
lamina propia
muscularis mucosae
submucosa
areolar connective tissue containing major blood vessels
muscularis layer
two layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalsis and segmentation
serosa
outer covering of GI tract
nephron anatomy and physiology
urine is produced to remove waste and other substances from the blood
afferent arteriole
feeds capillary bed called glomerulus
glomerular capsule (bowman's)
combined with gomelurus is the renal capsule
convoluted tubule
filtered fluid travels through here
glomerulus
filter blood and then produces a fluid caught by the nephron tubule
efferent arteriole
forms a second capillary network around the tubule
disorders
peritonitis is inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity
dysphagia is difficulty swallowing
jaundice is the result from a blockage of the ducts draining bile from the liver
cirrhosis is a disease of the liver that later develops into chronic alcoholics
enuresis is involuntary release of urine
urethritis is inflammation of the urethra
nephrosis is a noninflammatory disease of the kidneys
nephrolith is a kidney stone
nocturia is urinating a lot through out the night