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Digestive & Urinary System (layers of the GI tract (mucosa: lining…
Digestive & Urinary System
Major functions of the
digestive and urinary systems
digestive
breakdown o food into molecules that can pass through the wall of the digestive tract & taken up by cells
urinary
help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea, and to keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance
major organs of the digestive and urinary systems
digestive
Mouth: anterior opening of the alimentary canal
Salivary Glands: produce saliva in the oral cavity
Stomach: sac-like organ
SI: long tube, which loosely coils in the abdomen area
pancreas: secretes enzymes which help in the breakdown protein, fat, and carbohydrate
liver: secretes bile and cleanses and purifies the blood coming from the small intestine
gallbladder: stores the bile that the liver produces
LI: long muscular tube that has different parts, which are caecum, colon, and rectum
urinary
Two kidneys: purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the middle of the back
ureters: narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Bladder: triangle-shaped, hollow organ located in the lower abdomen
Urethra: tube allows urine to pass outside the body
layers of the GI tract
mucosa: lining epithelium, an underlying layer of loose connective tissue called the lamina propria & he muscularis mucosa for local movement of the mucosa
submucosa: loose connective tissue layer, with larger blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and can contain mucous secreting glands
Muscularis propria: to move food down through the gut
serosa: Outermost layer of loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.
disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
digestive
Jaundice: result from blockage of the ducts draining bile from the liver into the intestines or excessive breakdown of red blood cells
Cirrhosis: degenerative disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcoholics
Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing
Crohn’s Disease: chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel
Peritonitis: Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity
urinary
Nephrosis: a noninflammatory disease of kidneys
Nephrolith: a kidney stone
Urethritis: inflammation of the urethra
Nocturia: frequently getting up and urinating during the night
Enuresis: involuntary release of urine, most often in reference to “bedwetting.
Nephron anatomy and physiology
the structure that actually produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood
afferent arteriole: feeds a high-pressure capillary bed called the glomerulus
glomerulus: filter blood to produce a fluid which is caught by the nephron tubule
glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule: combined with gomerulus is the renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule (DCT): filtered fluid travels through these before exiting nephron
efferent arteriole: forms a second capillary network around the tubule, called the peritubular capillaries
digestive
enzymes
duodenal enzyme: enzymes in duodenum digest all food groups but requires neutral pH work
pepsin: protein digestive enzyme in the stomach
pancreas: produces digestive enzymes lipase, releases enzymes into duodenum
location of digestion & absorption of each
macromolecule
digestion: process of breaking down larger food molecules into smaller ones
mechanical: physical breakdown of food by cutting & grinding
chemical: requires enzymes
absorption
transport of digested end product into blood & lymph through the wall of GI tract