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Digestive and Urinary system (major organs (teeth (hardest substance in…
Digestive and Urinary system
major functions
break down of food into molecules that can pass through the wall of the GI tract and can be taken up by the cells
eliminate waste from body
regulate levels of: blood pressure, blood volume, electrolytes, and metabolites
regulate pH of blood
major organs
teeth
hardest substance in the body functions to mechanically break down food into smaller pieces
enamel-hard outer layer of teeth
dentin-middle layer of bone like living tissue under enamel
pulp-softer inner structure, contains nerves and blood vessels
supporting ligament- connective tissue that attaches teeth to jaw
gingivi-gums
crown-part of tooth above the gums
root-anchored under gums
deciduous-baby teeth
permanent-adult teeth
cuspids/canines-lateral to incisor, for tearing and shredding
premolars/molars-sides and back teeth, grinding
salivary glands
produces saliva moistens food to bolus
contains salivary amylase digests starch
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
gastric glands
goblet cells produce mucus
chief cells produce pepsinogen
parietal cells produce HCl and intrinsic factor
intrinsic factor needed for absorption of vitamin B12 in stomach
intestinal glands
secrete intestinal juice
duodenal glands-alkaline mucus to neutralize stomach acid
enzymes in duodenum digest all food groups but require neutral ph to work
pancreas
located behind stomach surrounded by duodenum
produces digestive enzymes lipase, pancreatic amylase, and trypsin and chymotrypsin
releases enzymes into duodenum
regulates blood sugar by producing insulin
liver
located inferior to diaphragm
largest gland in body made of four lobes
falciform ligament holds lobes to abdominal wall
functions for storage for glycogen fat soluble vitamins and iron
produces bile
removal of drugs, alcohol, and hormones
gall bladder
pear shaped organ located on the underside of liver on the right side of abdominal cavity
stores bile and released into duodenum when needed
kidney
renal vein
connects kidney to inferior vena cava
drains kidney
renal artery
carries mineral rich oxygenated blood from heart to kidneys
removes liquid waste from body in the form of urine, keeps stable balance of salts and other substances in blood,
ureter
two narrow tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder
muscles in ureter wall continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward to kidneys
urethra
tube that allow urine to pass outside the body
brain signals bladder muscles to tighten squeezing urine out of bladder, brain signals sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the the bladder through the urethra
urinary bladder
hollow organ located in lower abdomen
held in place by ligaments attached to other organs and pelvic bone
walls relax and expand to release store urine and contract and flatten to empty urine through urethra
digestive enzymes
pepsin
protein digesting enzyme in stomach
lipase
digests fat in pancreas
pancreatic amylase
digests carbohydrates in pancreas
trypsin
digests proteins in pancreas
chymotrypsin
digests proteins in pancreas
bile
emulsifies fat in liver
location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
mouth
mechanical digestion by chewing and swallowing
chemical digestion by saliva
chemical digestion of starch begins
stomach
mechanical digestion by mixing
chemical digestion breakdown of protein begins
small intestine
site of nutrient absorption into blood and lymphatic vessels
most chemical digestion of food takes place
chemical digestion of fat
large intestine
site of absorption of water and electrolytes, produces vitamins
resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients
propulsion
GI tract
mucosa
mucous membrane produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections
epithelium varies by location, nonkeratinized stratified squamous in mouth, esophagus, and anus, protection against friction, simple columnar in intestine for absorption and secretion
lamina propria
areolar connective tissue
contains blood and lymphatic vessels, and lymph node for nourishment and immunity
muscularis mucosae
two thin layers of smooth muscles
submucosa
areolar connective tissue containing major blood vessel
many elastic fibers to retain shape
submucosal plexus autonomic nerve supply
glands and lymphatic tissue
muscularis
two layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalsis and segmentation
inner circular layer squeeze,decrease size of lumen, in some areas act as sphincter valves
outer longitudinal layers shorten intestine
mouth,pharynx, superior esophagus, and anal sphincter- voluntary muscle
also external anal sphincter is skeletal muscle
myentric plexus nerves
serosa
outer covering of GI tract
serous membrane composed of thin layer of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
produces serous fluid for lubrication
mouth
oral cavity
area enclosed by the teeth and lips
contains teeth, salivary glands, tonsils, and tongue
mechanical digestion
by teeth by mastication
mixing of food with saliva by the tongue to make bolus
chemical digestion
by saliva produced by salivary glands, digestion of starch begins
mucosa produces mucus to coat bolus for easier transport
initiates of swallowing
immune function by the palatine tonsils
tongue allows for sense of taste
pharynx
oropharynx
located posteriorly to mouth, passageway for food,water, and air
laryngopharynx
inferior to oropharynx
involved in deglutition, forcing bolus from mouth to esophagus
esophagus
collapsible tube runs from the pharynx to stomach,pass through diaphragm
located posteriorly to trachea
food transported by peristalsis
no digestive function, only a passageway for food
stomach
located left of the abdominal cavity in left hypochondriac region
food enters at the cardioesophageal sphincter prevents food or stomach acid enter esophagus
food empties into duodenum of small intestine at the pyloric sphincter
rugae are internal folds of stomach mucosa
j shaped acts as a storage tank for food
food mixes with gastric juice to make chyme
mechanical digestion by churning of stomach muscle
chemical digestion breakdown of protein begins
cardiac region near heart
fundus- dome shaped filled with gas
body-main portion
pylorus-funnel shaped end
pyloric sphincter controls food leaving stomach and entering small intestine
small intestine
muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
chemical digestion of fat begins
where most chemical digestion of all foods occur by enzymes produced by accessory organs
site of nutrient absorption into blood and lymph vessesls
peristalsis and segmental movement mix chyme with digestive enzymes
duodenum is first portion of SI attached to stomach, chem digestion
jejunum is middle section main site of nutrient absorption
ileum is end portion connected to cecum, some absorption
villi of SI fingerlike structures that increase surface area for absorption
large intestine
site of absorption of water and electrolyte, produces vitamins
eliminates indigestible foods from body as feces
resident bacteria digests remaining nutrients
causes gas
cecum-first outpocketing of the LI, attached to small intestine, site of appendix attachment
colon-ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
rectum-stores feces until it is defecated
anus
eliminates feces from rectum to exterior
defecation controlled by sphincter
internal made of involuntary smooth muscle
external made of voluntary skeletal muscle
presence of feces in rectum triggers defecation reflex
nephron anatomy and physiology
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
consists of a round renal corpuscle that resides in the cortex followed by a long and winding renal tubule that loops around between the cortex and the medulla
tubular secretion
glomerular capsule
contains capillaries called glomerulus
endothelium of these capillaries allows for fluid, waste products, ions, glucose and amino acid to pass from blood to capsule
bigger molecules like blood cells and and proteins get blocked out and stay in the blood and exit through the peritubular capillaries
filtrate sent along renal tubule
long curly shape of nephron provides more time and space for it to reabsorb whatever usable stuff it can
remaining filtrate officially urine
disorders
peptic ulcers
Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum
causes
Imbalance in gastric juices
NSAID overuse
Excess acid production
symptoms
Heartburn
severe chest pain
bloating
treatment
Medication
Endoscopic surgery
Lifestyle changes
Inflammatory bowel disorder
causes
Possibly genetics, environmental, or immune
Causes are unknown
symptoms
abdominal pain
cramping
diarrhea
A chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract. Includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
treatment
medication
antibiotics
fluid replacement
GERD
chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus
causes
frequent acid reflux
obesity
weakened esophageal sphincter
symptoms
chest pain
heartburn
sore throat
treatment
surgery
over counter medication
prescription medication
hemorrhoids
causes
obesity
chronic diarrhea
Straining during bowel movement
symptoms
rectal bleeding
anal pain
lumps near anus
Inflamed veins in the rectum or anus
treatment
medication
surgical removal
injections
cholecystitis
an inflammation of the gall bladder
causes
blockage of gall duct by gallstones
digestive tumors
blockage of bile duct
symptoms
tender abdomen
sweating
fever
treatment
fasting
antibiotics
medication
spastic colon
causes
lifestyle
diet
stress
symptoms
bloating and gas
cramping
abdominal pain
Abnormal abdominal conditions
treatment
diet
lifestyle changes
medication