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Digestive & Urinary System (Nephron anatomy and physiology (proximal…
Digestive & Urinary System
Major Functions
Urinary
regulate blood pH.
control levels of electrolytes and metabolites
regulate blood volume and blood pressure
eliminate waste from the body
Digestive
digestion- breaking down of food into molecules that can pass through the wall of the digestive tract and can be taken up by the cells
absorption- transport if digestion end product into blood and lymph through the wall of GI Tract
Defection- elimination of indigestible substances from the body in the form of feces
Major Organs
Urinary
Urethra
bladder
Ureters
Kidney's
Digestive
stomach
food enters, food empires into duodenum of the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter
Pharynx
consists of oropharynx and laryhgopharynx
Large intestine
site of absortion of water and electrolytes: produces vitamins
Esophagus
muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the anus
small intestine
muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
Anus (rectum)
eliminates feces from rectum to exterior
Mouth
opening into the oral cavity
Layers of IG tract
Muscular Layer (muscularis)
two layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalsis and seementation
serosa
outer covering of GI tract
Submucosa
areolar connective tissue containing major blood vessels
Mucosa
produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections
stomach
food enters at the cardioesophageal sphincter and food empties into duodenum of small intestine at the pyloric sphincter
Digestive Enzymes
Trypsin, produced in the pancreas, also breaks down proteins.
Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas,used to break apart fats
Pepsin, produced in the stomach, helps break down proteins into amino acids
Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, produced in the pancreas, break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA
Amylase, produced in the mouth,helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules
Nephron anatomy and physiology
proximal tubule
where dos the absorption and secretion occurs, tends to mass transportation and little regulation occurs
distal tubule
made up of so called high resistance epithelia and such large gradients can be maintained across it
Bowmans capsule
makes up the filtration barrier, responsible for collecting the filtration and conveying to the tubules
loop of henie
split into 3 parts, descending limb, ascending limb, and think ascending limb
glomerulus
bundle of capsules with a special filtration layer surrounding them , selectively filter the blood and produce the basic filtration
collecting ducts
conveys the uterine from the nephrons to the papilla, concentration of the urine, site of action of ADH, very important in the further regulation of some ions and acid/base
digestion and absorption
absorption
some vitamin
asirpin
alcohol
water
Digestion
mechanical- physical breakdown of food by cutting and grinding (mouth)
chemical digestion- requires enzymes (stomach)
Disorders
digestive
Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver that results from a variety of causes, both infectious and noninfectious. Infectious agents that cause hepatitis include viruses and parasites. Noninfectious causes include certain drugs and toxic agents.
Liver cancer, any of several forms of disease characterized by tumours in the liver; benign liver tumours remain in the liver, whereas malignant tumours are, by definition, cancerous. Most malignant liver tumours are hepatomas, also called hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs).
Gallstone, also called cholelith, concretion composed of crystalline substances (usually cholesterol, bile pigments, and calcium salts) embedded in a small amount of protein material formed most often in the gallbladder.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), relatively common digestive disorder characterized by frequent passage of gastric contents from the stomach back into the esophagus. The most common symptom of GERD is heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest and upper abdomen.
Gastroenteritis, acute infectious syndrome of the stomach lining and the intestine. It is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. Other symptoms can include nausea, fever, and chills. The severity of gastroenteritis varies from a sudden but transient attack of diarrhea to severe dehydration
Urinary
Your kidneys make urine by filtering wastes and extra water from your blood. The waste is called urea. Your blood carries it to the kidneys. From the kidneys, urine travels down two thin tubes called ureters to the bladder.
They are fist-sized organs on either side of your backbone above your waist. The tubes inside filter and clean your blood, taking out waste products and making urine. Kidney cancer forms in the lining of tiny tubes inside your kidneys. Kidney cancer becomes more likely as you age. Risk factors include smoking, having certain genetic conditions, and misusing pain medicines for a long time.
A cyst is a fluid-filled sac. You may get simple kidney cysts as you age; they are usually harmless. There are also some diseases which cause kidney cysts. One type is polycystic kidney disease (PKD).
The urethra is the tube that allows urine to pass out of the body. In men, it's a long tube that runs through the penis. It also carries semen in men. In women, it's short and is just above the vagina. Urethral problems may happen due to aging, illness, or injury
Bladder cancer occurs in the lining of the bladder. It is the sixth most common type of cancer in the United States. symptoms; Blood in your urine,A frequent urge to urinate,Pain when you urinate, Low back pain