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Lesson 4 (Videos (What Defines a Family? (What we find is that people are…

- - - - A family as “two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption, who reside together".
      - A family consisting of a husband and wife and their children is called a nuclear family
      - Family of orientation- the family into which one is born.
      - Family of procreation- the family that develops when one marries and has children.
      - The extended family pattern consists of relatives of the nuclear family who are economically and emotionally dependent on each other.
      - Matriarchal family- family in which the mother has formal authority and dominance.
      - Patriarchal family- family in which the father has formal authority and dominance.
      - Egalitarian family- family in which both sides of the extended family are regarded as equal.
    - - Reproduction- The family ensures that the society’s population will be maintained; that is, a sufficient number of children will be born and cared for to replace the members who die.
      - Socialization/education- The family ensures that the society’s values, beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, skills, and techniques will be transmitted to the young.
      - Assignment of social roles- The family provides an identity for its offspring (racial, ethnic, religious, socioeconomic, and gender roles). An identity involves behavior and obligations.
      - Economic support- The family provides shelter, nourishment, and protection. In some families, all members except very young children contribute to the economic function by producing goods. In other families, one or both parents earn the money that pays for goods the entire family consumes.
      - Nurturance/emotional support- The family provides the child’s first experience in social interaction. This interaction is intimate, nurturing, and enduring, thus providing emotional security for the child. The family cares for its members when they are ill, hurt, or aging.
    - - Changes in family composition can include the addition of family members to the household, as by birth, adoption, remarriage, or relatives (kin) moving in; or the removal of family members, as by death, divorce, or children becoming adults and moving out.
      - A divorcing family’s ability to carry on its former functions is affected not only by the coping skills of its members but also by societal forces, such as economic disparity for females, attitudes regarding the ideal two-parent family, and available informal or formal support services in the community
      - Children experience a deep sense of loss, develop divided loyalties, and often feel helpless against forces beyond their control. In summarizing the last three decades of research on the effects of divorce, report that although children of divorced parents, as a group, have more adjustment problems than do children of never-divorced parents, the divorce per se is not necessarily the major cause of these problems; rather, the negative effects of conflict in troubled marriages can be observed in children years before the divorce takes place.
      - Gender influences the impact of divorce, with research showing that boys are harder hit.
      - As a result, some nuclear families split by divorce are evolving into a new form, called the binuclear family, a pattern in which the children are part of two homes and two family groups.
      - The interactions in stepfamilies are similar to those in any other family, which means they are sometimes tainted with anger, jealousy, value conflicts, guilt, and unrealistic expectations.
      - Employment affects the mother’s emotional state—sometimes providing satisfactions, sometimes stress, and sometimes guilt—and this in turn influences the mother-child interaction
    - - Marriage is a legal contract with certain rights and obligation
      - When people with diferent heritages marry and have families, they face certain challenges not experienced by those couples who have similar backgrounds. This is also true of parents who adopt children of a diferent color or ethnicity than theirs.
      - Adolescents from interethnic families develop racial self-identities within overlapping contexts, creating a sense of self that reflects the social reality of their peer group, neighborhood, or school.
      - Many issues faced by families with homosexual parents are similar to those faced in divorced, stepparent, and various custodial arrangement
      - , as children approach adolescence and become concerned about their identities and sexual orientation, any family deviations from the norm among their peers can be magnified.
    - - The term socioeconomic status (SES), generally refers to one’s rank or position within a society, based on social and economic factors.
      - Ascribed status- social class, rank, or position determined by family lineage, gender, birth order, or skin color.
      - Achieved status social class, rank, or position determined by education, occupation, income, and/or place of residence.
      - Traditional societies, those that rely on customs handed down from past generations as ways to behave, tend toward ascribed status for stratification; modern societies, those that look to the present for ways to behave and are thus responsive to change, tend toward achieved status
      - In upper-class families, the child is generally regarded as the carrier of the family’s name, its heritage, and its status.
      - In socializing children, middle-class parents are more likely to use reasoning and nonphysical forms of discipline.
      - Children from lower-class families are often identified in school as slow learners, aggressors, and truants.
      - The underclass, in essence, represents a contradiction to the concept that social mobility is available to anyone in America who is willing to work hard enough for it.
      - Operational definition- contains terms that are identifiable and can be researched
    - - Gemeinschaft - communal, cooperative, close, intimate, and informal interpersonal relationships
      - Gesellschaft- associative, practical, objective, and formal interpersonal relationships.
      - Collectivism - emphasis on interdependent relations, social responsibilities, and the well-being of the group
      - Individualism - emphasis on individual fulfillment and choice
      - Norms - rules, patterns, or standards that express cultural values and reflect how individuals are supposed to behave
    - - Religion is a “unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, uniting into a single moral community all those who adhere to those beliefs and practices”
      - The Protestant ethic is a religiously derived value system that defines the ideal person as individualistic, thrifty, self-sacrificing, efficient in use of time, strong in personal responsibility, and committed to productivity.
      - Through their beliefs and practices, most religions provide: A divine ideology, coping mechanisms, a concept of death, and establishment of identity.
    - - Political changes influencing family functioning include foreign policy regarding immigration and war, and domestic policy regarding security, privacy, and social services.
      - Large numbers of immigrant children experience problems, such as poverty, poor physical and mental health, and inadequate education, all of which compromise their ability to adequately succeed in American society
      - Children who have experienced loss of a loved one may react with emotional detachment or a seeming lack of feeling, by exhibiting regressive or immature behavior, by acting out or exploding, or by continually asking the same questions because they cannot understand what happened.
    - - Economic changes influencing family functioning may involve job uncertainty because of company buyouts, downsizing, and layoffs; the cost of living, requiring both parents to be employed; and the erosion of employee benefits, such as health insurance.
      - When both parents are employed, their family life may be at risk for fragmentation.
    - - Families are affected because technology provides endless opportunities for multidimensional use, for instantaneously accessing information, and for being perpetually connected, all the while creating a greater need for parents to supervise children’s activities.
    - - Stress - any demand that exceeds a person’s ability to cope
      - Empowerment, which means enabling individuals to have control over resources affecting them, is a process that evolves from analyzing one’s own strengths and resources, becoming educated in skills one is lacking, and participating in the community