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Chapter 6.8 - 6.11 (Chapter 6.8 - The pectoral girdle and upper limb bones…
Chapter 6.8 - 6.11
Chapter 6.8 - The pectoral girdle and upper limb bones, and the pelvic girdle and lower limb bones, make up the appendicular skeleton.
Each arm articulates with the trunk at the pectoral girdle, or shoulder girdle, which consists of the scapulae and clavicles.
The clavicle and scapula position the shoulder joint, help move the arm, and provide a base for arm movement and muscle attachment.
Both the coracoid process and the acromion are attached to ligaments and tendons. The scapular spine crosses the posterior surface of the scapular body.
The humerus articulates with the scapula at the shoulder joint. The greater tubercle and lesser tubercle of the humerus are important sites for muscle attachment. Other prominent landmarks include the deltoid tuberosity, the medial and lateral epicondyles, and the articular condyle.
Distally, the humerus articulates with the radius and ulna. The medial trochlea extends from the coronoid fossa to the olecranon fossa.
The radius and ulna are the bones of the forearm. The olecranon fossa accommodates the olecranon process during extension of the arm. The coronoid and radial fossae accommodate the coronoid process of the ulna.
the bones of the wrist from two rows of carpal bones. The distal carpal bones articulate with the metacarpal bones of the palm. The metacarpals bones articulate with the proximal phalanges, or finger bones. Four of the fingers contain three phalanges; the pollex, or thumb, has only two.
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The largest part of the coxal bone, the ilium, fuses with the ischium, which in turn fuses with the pubis. The pubic symphsis limits movement between the pubic bones.
The pelvis consists of the hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
The femur, or thighbone, is the longest bone in the body. It articulates with the tibia at the knee joint. A ligament from the patella, the kneecap, attaches at the tibial tuberosity.
Other tibial landmarks include the anterior crest and the medial malleolus. The head of the fibula articulates with the tibia below the knee, and the lateral malleolus stabilizes the ankle.
The ankle includes seven tarsal bones; only talus articulates with the tibia and fibula. When we stand normally, most of our weight is transferred to the calcaneus, or heel bone, and the rest is passed on to the metatarsal bones.
The basic organizational pattern of the metatarsals and phalanges of the foot resembles that of the hand.
Chapter 6.11 - Interevertebral articulations and appendicular articulations demonstrate functional differences in support and mobility.
The articular processes of adjacent vertebrae form gliding joints. Symphyseal joints connect adjacent vertebral bodies and are separated by pads called intervertebral discs.
The shoulder joint is formed by the glenoid cavity and the head of the humerus. This joint is extremely mobile and for that reason, it is also unstable and easily dislocated.
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The elbow joint permits only flexion and extension. It is extremely stable because of extensive ligaments and the shapes of articulating elements.
The hip joint is formed by the union of the acetabulum with the head of the femur. This ball-and-socket dierthrosis permits flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction, and rotation.
The knee joint is a complicated hinge point. The joint permits flexion, extension, and limited rotation.
Chapter 6.10 - Anatomical and functional properties of synovial joints enable various skeletal movements.
Important terms that describe dynamic motion at synovial joints are flexion, extension, hyper extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation.
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Movements of the foot include inversion and eversion. The ankle undergoes dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. Opposition is the thumb movement that enables us to grasp and hold objects.
Protraction involves moving a part of the body forward; retraction involves moving it back. Depression and elevation occur when we move a structure inferiorly and superiorly, respectively.
Major types of synovial joints include gliding joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, ellipsoidal joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints.
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