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Digestive/Urinary System Ramos Carmen per. 5 (Major functions of the…

- - - - Ureters: Transport urine from kidneys to bladder.
        
        Urinary bladder: Temporary storage reservoir for urine.
        
        Urethra: transports urine from bladder to external environment.
        
        [Digestive System]
        
        Stomach: Mixing and holding chamber. Has chemical digestion and mechanical digestion. Chemical digestion breaks food w/simpler chemicals that can be absorbed by cells in the body. Mechanical digestion is physical breaking of large food pieces into smaller pieces; but doesn't alter chemical composition. / Forms chyme from food.
        
        Liver (bile storage sac): responsible for many metabolic activities (metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins). Helps maintain concentration of blood glucose levels and metabolizes proteins. Stores glycogen, iron, vitamin A, D, B12. Removes toxic substances. And helps with digestion.
        
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- - - - Proteins (small intestine and stomach) - Proteins, peptides, and amino acids. Proteins turn into peptides then into amino acids.
        
        Carbohydrates (mouth and small intestine): polysaccharides breaks into disaccharides and monosaccharides by amylases.
        
        DNA/RNA (Pancreas): Nucleic acid breaks into nucleotides.
        
        Lipids(small intestine): Fats break into fatty acids. Lipase breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
- - - - Sucrase: reduces sucrose(can sugar) to glucose and fructose.
        
        Lactose: reduces lactose(milk sugar) to glucose and galactose.
        
        Maltase: reduces maltose(malt sugar) to glucose.
        
        Intestinal lipase:reduces fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
- - - - Muscularis layer: Two layers of smooth muslces that allow peristalsis and segmentation. Inner circular layer - decrease size of lumen; in some areas act as sphincter or valves. Outer longtidudinal layer - shortens intestine.
        
        Serosa: [outer covering of GI tract] - produces serous fluid for lubrication. Attaches digestive tract to wall of the abdominopelvic cavity by forming folds called mesenteries. Serous membrane: composed of thin layer of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium.
- - - - Renal Corpuscle: Bowman's capsule combined with the Glomerulus.
        
        Bowman's capsule: contains Glomerulus, and controls water, electrolytes, and waste products that is filtered from the Glomerulus.
        
        Loop of Henle: Diffusion takes place.
        
        Proximal and Distal tubule: [Proximal tubule]Reabsorbs water and electrolytes from urine. Osmosis and diffusion takes place as it keeps things like sodium or glucose by those leaving the proximal tubule to interstitial fluid./ [Distal tubule]: Does continue re-absorption of electrolytes, sodium, and water. This tubule is used to give signs that the body needs water by absorbing water and making the urine look darker. If the body needs to get rid of water, it holds water in the urine making it look lighter in color.
        
        Collecting duct: Carries urine to renal pyramid.
        
        Peritubular capillaries: Electrolytes and water pass though here and then return to the main blood stream.
- - - - IBD: A chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract. Includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. / Causes: Unknown: possibly genetics, environmental, or immune/ Symptoms: Abdominal pain, cramping, and diarrhea./ Treatment options: Medication, antibiotics, and fluid replacement.
        
        Peptic Ulcers: Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum./ Causes: Imbalance in gastric juices, bacterial infection, NSAID overuse./ Symptoms: Heartburn, sever chest pain, and nausea./ Treatment options: Lifestyle changes, medication, and endoscopic pregnancy.
        
        Colon Diseases[2]: Hemorrhoids: inflamed veins in the rectum or anus Spastic colon: abnormal abdominal conditions. / Causes: Hemorrhoids: Straining during bowel movement, obesity, chronic diarrhea, Spastic colon: Diet, lifestyle, or stress./ Symptoms: Spastic colon: Abdominal pain, cramping, mucus in stool. Hemorrhoids: rectal bleeding, anal pain, and anal itching. / Treatment options (3): Hemorrhoids: medication, surgical removal, and injections. / Spastic colon: medication, diet, and lifestyle change. .