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The Digestive/Urinary System, Victoria Gomez, Period 2 (digestive
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The Digestive/Urinary System, Victoria Gomez, Period 2
Major organs
Digestive
mouth:Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use
esophagus: conduit for food and liquids that have been swallowed into the pharynx to reach the stomach.
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large intestine: recovery of water and electrolytes, formation and storage of faeces and fermentation of some of the indigestible food matter by bacteria
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gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile, and then releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats.
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Urinary
Kidneys: remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin
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Bladder: relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra
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Major functions
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Digestive
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Propulsion: when food moves through the alimentary canal, swallowing and peristalsis
Mechanical Breakdown: chewing, mixing food with saliva by the tongue, churning food in the stomach, and segmentation(rhythmic local constrictions of the small intestine)
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layers of the GI tract
Submucosa: A loose connective tissue layer, with larger blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and can contain mucous secreting glands.
Muscularis propria: These layers of smooth muscle are used for peristalsis to move food down through the gut.
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Adventia layer: Outermost layer of loose connective tissue - covered by the visceral peritoneum. Contains blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.
Nephron
Tubules
Proximal tubule: where most of the absorption and secretion occurs along with mass transport and little regulation
Loop of henle: reabsorb salt and water to reduce the volume of the filtrate while keeping the concentration
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Renal Corpuscle
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Glomerulus: bundle of capillaries with a special filtration layer that filters the blood and produces the basic filtrate
Disorders
Urinary
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Urethritis – inflammation of the urethra, the final pathway for urine in both sexes, and the common pathway for urine and semen in the male.
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Enuresis – involuntary release of urine, most often in reference to “bedwetting.”
Digestive
Diverticulosis/diverticulitis – abnormal outpocketings may collect and not be able to empty fecal material which can lead to inflammation, diverticulitis.
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Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from a backup of bile metabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues.
Cirrhosis – A degenerative disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcoholics, but can have other causes.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) –Weakness of the valve between the esophagus and stomach may allow stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus and irritate and inflame the lining. This results in chest pain which can mimic that of angina
Esophageal varices – bulging, engorged veins in the walls of the esophagus are often a complication of chronic alcoholism
Portal hypertension – A potential complication of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damage and obstruction of venous blood flow through the liver.
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