The Digestive/Urinary System, Victoria Gomez, Period 2
Major organs
location of digestion and absorption of each
macromolecule
digestive
enzymes (including names and functions)
Major functions
layers of the GI tract
Nephron
Disorders
Urinary
Digestive
Ingestion: taking food into the digestive tract
Propulsion: when food moves through the alimentary canal, swallowing and peristalsis
Mechanical Breakdown: chewing, mixing food with saliva by the tongue, churning food in the stomach, and segmentation(rhythmic local constrictions of the small intestine)
Digestion: complex food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes
Absorption: products of digestion pass through the alimentary canal mucosa into the blood of lymph
Defecation: elimination of the contents of the bowels
Remove liquid waste from blood
Balance salts and other substances in the blood
Produce erythropoietin(aids formation of red blood cells)
Tubules
Renal Corpuscle
Bowmans capsule: collects the filtrate and conveys it to the tubules
Glomerulus: bundle of capillaries with a special filtration layer that filters the blood and produces the basic filtrate
Proximal tubule: where most of the absorption and secretion occurs along with mass transport and little regulation
Loop of henle: reabsorb salt and water to reduce the volume of the filtrate while keeping the concentration
Distal tubule: regulatory part of the nephron
Collecting ducts: concentration of urine and some regulation of ions
Digestive
Urinary
mouth:Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use
esophagus: conduit for food and liquids that have been swallowed into the pharynx to reach the stomach.
stomach: secretes acid and enzymes that digest food.
small intestine: is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food.
large intestine: recovery of water and electrolytes, formation and storage of faeces and fermentation of some of the indigestible food matter by bacteria
anus: detects rectal contents
liver: process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine
pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum and secretes insulin into bloodstream
gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile, and then releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats.
Rectum: receives stool from colon and holds until ready
Kidneys: remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin
Ureters: narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Bladder: relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra
Urethra: allows urine to pass outside the body.
Submucosa: A loose connective tissue layer, with larger blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and can contain mucous secreting glands.
Muscularis propria: These layers of smooth muscle are used for peristalsis to move food down through the gut.
Mucosa
Adventia layer: Outermost layer of loose connective tissue - covered by the visceral peritoneum. Contains blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.
Lamina propria: provides vascular support for the epithelium
muscularis mucosa: local movement of the mucosa
Epithelium: lining including glandular tissue
Lipids: Some digestion occurs in your mouth and the stomach, but most takes place in the small intestine. Bile is produced by your liver, stored and released in your gall bladder and emulsifies fat globules into smaller droplets.
Protein: Digestion of protein begins in your stomach with the aid of gastric juices. Through the action of a group of potent enzymes from the intestinal lining and the pancreas, digestion continues in the small intestine.
Carbohydrates:Digestion begins in your mouth where the process of chewing mechanically breaks food into small pieces. From there, carbohydrates move into the small intestine where enzymes released by the pancreas break them into simple forms to be absorbed into the bloodstream. Fiber isn't broken down.
Vitamin: important part of food and are absorbed through the small intestine.
Amylase: digestive enzyme essential for our digestion of carbohydrates, as amylase breaks down starches into sugars.
Lactase: enzyme that breaks down the sugar, lactose, found in dairy products.
Lipase: enzyme responsible for the breakdown of fats that we consume.
Maltase: secreted by the small intestine and is responsible for breaking down maltose
Proteases: digestive enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids.
Sucrase: secreted by the small intestine where it breaks down sucrose into the simpler sugars of fructose and glucose.
Urinary
Digestive
Diverticulosis/diverticulitis – abnormal outpocketings may collect and not be able to empty fecal material which can lead to inflammation, diverticulitis.
Dysphagia – Difficulty swallowing
Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from a backup of bile metabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues.
Cirrhosis – A degenerative disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcoholics, but can have other causes.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) –Weakness of the valve between the esophagus and stomach may allow stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus and irritate and inflame the lining. This results in chest pain which can mimic that of angina
Esophageal varices – bulging, engorged veins in the walls of the esophagus are often a complication of chronic alcoholism
Portal hypertension – A potential complication of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damage and obstruction of venous blood flow through the liver.
Crohn’s Disease – a chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel
Peritonitis – Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity.
Nephrolith – a kidney stone.
Urethritis – inflammation of the urethra, the final pathway for urine in both sexes, and the common pathway for urine and semen in the male.
Nephrosis – a noninflammatory disease of kidneys.
Nocturia – frequently getting up and urinating during the night.
Enuresis – involuntary release of urine, most often in reference to “bedwetting.”