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Digestive/Urinary System - Cristina Medina (Enzymes (Proteases, Nucleases,…
Digestive/Urinary System - Cristina Medina
Disorders
Digestive
Achalasia: A disorder in which swallowing is hindered or prevented
Ascites: Abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity; if excessive, causes visible bloating of the abdomen
Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing; usually due to obstruction or physical trauma to the esophagus
Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, especially the small intestine
Ileus: A condition in which all GI tract movement stops and the gut appears to be paralyzed
Urinary
Bladder cancer: involves neoplasms of the bladder’s lining epithelium and may be induced by carcinogens from the environment or the workplace that end up in urine
Cystocele: Herniation of the urinary bladder into the vagina; a common result of tearing of the pelvic floor muscles during childbirth
Diabetes insipidus: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is due to lack of ADH receptors in the collecting duct.
Nephrotoxin: A substance that is toxic to the kidneys
Nephrons: structural and functional units of the kidneys; recovers chemicals the body needs while also secreting into that filtrate selected chemicals that the body needs to get rid of
renal corpuscle: located in the renal cortex
glomerular capsule
glomerulus
renal tubule: begin in the cortex and then pass into the medulla before returning to the cortex
Major Organs
Digestive
Mouth and associated accessory organs
ingestion, swallowing, propelling food into the pharynx, chewing, and producing saliva
Pharynx and esophagus
mucosa is friction-resistant; contractions propel food into the esophagus; allow for swallowing
Stomach
temporary storage tank, degrades food both physically and chemically
Large intestine
remaining food residuals are digested by bacteria, absorbs remaining water, electrolytes, and vitamins, eliminates feces from the body
Small intestine and associated organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
mixes contents with digestive juices, moves food along the tract, absorbs nutrients
Urinary
Ureters
paired tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
a temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra
a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the body exterior
kidneys
filter nearly 200 liters of fluid from our bloodstream
Major Functions
Digestive
takes in food and breaks it down into nutrient molecules to absorb into the bloodstream, and then rid the body of the indigestible remains
Urinary
filters bloodstream, allowing toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions to leave the body in urine while returning needed substances to the blood
Enzymes
Proteases
Nucleases
Lipases
Amylase
Pepsin
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
lingual lipase
gastric lipase
pancreatic lipase
GI Tract: from the esophagus to the anal canal; 4 basic layers
muscularis externa: inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells
responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
mucosa: moist epithelial membrane, lines from mouth to anus
Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones; absorbs the end products of digestion into the blood, protects against disease
a lamina propria
a muscularis mucosae
a lining epithelium
submucosa: areolar connective tissue containing a rich supply of blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and nerve fibers
supplies the surrounding tissues of the GI tract wall
serosa: formed of areolar connective tissue covered with mesothelium, a single layer of squamous epithelial cells
adventitia: ordinary dense connective tissue that binds the esophagus to surrounding structures
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates: Digestion of starch begins in the mouth, continues until salivary amylase is inactivated by stomach acid and broken apart by the stomach’s protein-digesting enzymes
1 Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch and glycogen into oligosaccharides and disaccharides
2 Brush border enzymes break oligo- and disaccharides into monosaccharides
3 Monosaccharides are cotransported across the apical membrane of the enterocyte
4 Monosaccharides exit across the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion
Proteins: digestion begins in the stomach when pepsinogen secreted by the chief cells is activated to pepsin
1 Pancreatic proteases break down proteins and protein fragments into smaller pieces and some individual amino acids
2 Brush border enzymes break oligo- and dipeptides into amino acids
3 Amino acids are cotransported across the apical membrane of the enterocyte
4 Amino acids exit across the basolateral membrane via facilitated diffusion
Lipids: small intestine is the primary site of lipid digestion because the pancreas is the major source of fat-digesting enzymes
1 Emulsification
2 Digestion
3 Micelle formation
4 Diffusion
5 Chylomicron formation
6 Chylomicron transport
Nucleic Acids: Pancreatic nucleases in pancreatic juice hydrolyze the nucleic acids to their nucleotide monomers, border enzymesbreak the nucleotides apart to release their nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate ions