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Digestive/Urinary System period 2 (Major Organs (Gallbladder, Pancreas,…
Digestive/Urinary System period 2
Major Functions
Digestive system
Secretion
Mixing and movement
Provides energy and nutrients to the body
Ingestion
Urinary System
Regulates blood volume and blood pressure
Controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites
Eliminates waste from body
Regulates blood pH
Major Organs
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Stomach
Large intestine
Liver
Small intestine
Esophagus
Rectum
Mouth
Digestive Enzymes
Pepsin, produced in the stomach. Pepsin helps break down proteins into amino acids.
Trypsin, produced in the pancreas. Trypsin also breaks down proteins.
Amylase, produced in the mouth. It helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.
Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas. It is used to break apart fats.
Digestive enzymes speed up chemical reactions that break down large food molecules into small molecules.
Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, produced in the pancreas. They are enzymes that break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
The bulk of chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine
In the mouth, short chain lipids break down into diglycerides because of lingual lipase
Chemical digestion begins in the mouth, and the enzymes and acid in the stomach continue chemical digestion
Layers of the GI tract
Mucosa
Innermost layer
Function is absorption and secretion
Submucosa
Joins the mucosa to the smooth muscle
The layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Muscularis propria
In charge of gut movement
A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body
Adventitia
Outermost layer
Disorders
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) –Severe “heartburn” in laymen’s language. Weakness of the valve between the esophagus and stomach may allow stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus and irritate and inflame the lining
Urinary tract infections occur when bacteria enters the urinary tract; they can affect the urethra, bladder and even the kidneys
Incontinence is a common disease of the urinary system. Urine leaks when you exert pressure on your bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising or lifting something heavy
Jaundice-Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from a backup of bile metabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues
Nephron anatomy and physiology
The renal corpuscle can be subdivided into the glomerulus and the bowmans capsule
The tubules are split into the proximal tubule, the loop of henle, the distal tubule and the collecting ducts.
It is this structure that allows the kidney to filter the blood and then alter the composition of this filtrate to ensure the waste products are excreted
The proximal tubule is where most of the reabsorption and secretion occurs
The nephron is made of two major parts; the renal corpuscle and the tubules
The glomerulus's function is to filter the blood and produce the basic filtrate