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Digestive and Urinary System (Urinary System (kidneys-regulating your…

- - - - chemical digestion-breakdown of protein begins
      - cardiac-near heart
      - mechanical digestion-by churning of stomach muscle
      - fundus-dome shaped, filled with gas
      - rugae-internal folds of stomach mucosa , j-shaped acts as a storage tank for food, food mixes with gastric juice to make chyme
      - body-main portion
      - pylorus-funnels shaped end
      - pyloric sphincter-controls food leaving stomach and entering small intestine
    - - jejunum-middle section , main site of nutrient absorption
      - ileum-end portion, connected to cecum, some absorption
      - duodenum-first portion of SI attached to stomach, chemical digestion
      - villi of si-finger-like structures that increase surface area for absorption
    - - oropharynx-located posteriorly to mouth, passage for food, water, and air
      - laryngopharynx-inferior to oropharynx, involved in deglutition, forcing bolus from the mouth to esophagus
    - - colon-ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
      - rectum-stores feces until it is defecated
      - cecum-first outpocketing of the li; attached to small intestine; site of appendix attachment
    - - mechanical digestion-digestion by the teeth by mastication (chewing)
      - chemical digestion-digestion by saliva produced by salivary glands, digestion of starch begins
    - - internal-made of involuntary smooth muscle
      - external-voluntary skeletal muscle
  - - - duodenal glands-alkaline mucus to neutralize stomach acid
      - enzymes-in duodenum digest all foods groups but requires neutral pH to work
    - - pepsin-protein digesting enzyme in stomach
      - parietal cells-produces HCI and intrinsic factor
      - chief cells-produce pepsinogen, pepsinogen, in presence of hydrochloric acid, converts pepsinogen to pepsin
      - intrinsic factor-neede for absorption of vitamin B12 in stomach
      - goblet cells-produces mucus
    - - root-anchored under gums
      - deciduous-baby teeth (20)
      - crown-part of tooth above the gums
      - permanent-adult teeth (32)
      - gingivi-gums
      - incisors-most anterior for cutting
      - pulp-softer inner structure; contains nerves and blood vessel, supporting ligament;connective tissue that attaches teeth to jawbone
      - cuspids or canines-lateral to incisor; for tearing and shredding
      - dentin-middle layer of bone-like living tissue under enamel
      - premolars and molars-sides and back teeth; grinding
      - enamel-hard outer teeth