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Digestive/Urinary System Sarah Ramirez P.1 (digestive enzymes (including…
Digestive/Urinary System Sarah Ramirez P.1
Major functions of the
digestive and urinary systems
Digestive system- Digestion and absorption
Absorption
is the movement of molecules (by passive diffusion or active transport) from the digestive tract to adjacent blood and lymphatic vessels. Absorption is the entrance of the digested food (now called nutrients) into the body.
digestion
is the process of physically breaking down food into smaller pieces.
Urinary System- removes liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells.
major organs of the digestive and urinary systems
Urinary System: Two kidneys,Two ureters, Bladder, Two Sphincter Muscles, Nerves in the bladder, Urethra
Digestive System
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Accessory digestive organs: liver, gallbladder, pancreas
digestive
enzymes (including names and functions)
Lactase
is a type of enzyme that breaks down the sugar, lactose, found in dairy products.
Lipase
is the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of fats that we consume. Specifically, lipase breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol (simple sugar alcohol). Within your body, lipase is produced in small amounts by your mouth and stomach, and in larger amounts by your pancreas.
Amylase
is a digestive enzyme essential for our digestion of carbohydrates, as amylase breaks down starches into sugars. Amylase is secreted by both our salivary glands and from our pancreas.
Maltase
is secreted by the small intestine and is responsible for breaking down maltose (malt sugar).
Proteases
are digestive enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids. Here are the major types of proteases found within the human digestive tract:
Carboxypeptidase A
Carboxypeptidase B
Chymotrypsin
Pepsin
Trypsin
Sucrase
is secreted by the small intestine where it breaks down sucrose into the simpler sugars of fructose and glucose.
location of digestion and absorption of each
macromolecule
Salivary Enzymes--> Lingual lipase--> Lingual glands Triglycerides = Free fatty acids, and mono- and diglycerides
Salivary Enzymes--> Salivary amylase--> Salivary glands Polysaccharides = Disaccharides and trisaccharides
Gastric enzymes--> Gastric lipase--> Chief cells Triglycerides = Fatty acids and monoacylglycerides
Brush border enzymes --> α-Dextrinase --> Small intestine -->α-Dextrins = Glucose
Pancreatic enzymes Nucleases Pancreatic acinar cells
Ribonuclease: ribonucleic acids
Deoxyribonuclease: deoxyribonucleic acids
Nucleotides
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
The GI tract contains four layers: the innermost layer is the mucosa, underneath this is the submucosa, followed by the muscularis propria and finally, the outermost layer - the adventitia.
Mucosa
A lining epithelium, including glandular tissue, an underlying layer of loose connective tissue called the lamina propria, which provides vascular support for the epithelium, and often contains mucosal glands. Products of digestion pass into these capillaries.
Submucosa
A loose connective tissue layer, with larger blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and can contain mucous secreting glands.
Muscularis propria (externa): smooth muscle layer.
Adventia layer (or serosa)
Outermost layer of loose connective tissue - covered by the visceral peritoneum. Contains blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.
Nephron anatomy and physiology
The nephron of the kidney is made up of two major parts; the renal corpuscle and the tubules. These are then both sub-divided into various parts and overall it is this structure which allows the kidney to filter the blood and then alter the composition of this filtrate to ensure that waste products are excreted and useful compounds preserved.
Disorders of the digestive and urinary system
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- is a group of symptoms that occur together, including repeated pain in your abdomen and changes in your bowel movements, which may be diarrhea, constipation, or both.
Celiac disease
- is a digestive disorder that damages the small intestine. People with celiac disease cannot eat gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.
Crohn’s disease
- is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract.
Iactose intolerance
, you have digestive symptoms—such as bloating, diarrhea, and gas—after you consume foods or drinks that contain lactose.Lactose intolerance is caused by lactose malabsorption, a condition in which your small intestine makes low levels of lactase and can’t digest all the lactose you eat or drink.