Digestive/Urinary system, Lourdes Llamas, P.1
Layers of GI tract
Digestive enzymes
Major organs
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Disorders
Digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Major functions of digestive and urinary system
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs the components for use by body cells.On the other hand, the urinary system includes the kidneys that maintain the composition of the body's extracellular fluids.
Urine-forming kidneys are crucial components of the urinary system. Other organs include the ureters (paired tubes that transport urine from kidneys to bladder) , Urinary bladder (a temporary storage reservoir) , and the urethra (tube that carries urine from bladder to body exterior).
Organs of the digestive system fall into two groups which are the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs. The alimentary canal is a muscular tube that digest food from mouth to anus. These organs include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The accessory digestive organs are the teeth, tongue, gallbladder, and a number of large digestive glands- the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas.
Inflammatory bowel disease- Periodic inflammation of the intestinal wall now understood to be an abnormal immune and inflammatory response to bacterial antigens that normally occur in the intestine.
Mumps- an inflammation of the parotid glands caused by the mumps virus. Can now be prevented with the MMR vaccine.
Gastric ulcer- erotion to stomach wall, results in gnawing epigastric pain that seems to be bore through to your back. Pain occurs after 1-3 hours after eating and is relieved by eating again.
Barrett's esophagus- A pathological change in the epithelium of the lower esophagus from stratified squamous to a columnar epithelium.It predisposes the individual to aggressive esophageal cancer.
Malabsorption, or impaired nutrient absorption, has many and varied causes. Factors that damage the intestinal mucosa or reduce its absorptive surface area are also common causes. Unusual treatment is to eliminate gluten-containing grains from the diet.
Protein digestion- are digested in the GI tract which include dietary proteins, enzyme proteins secreted into the GI tract by various glands, and protein divided from mucosal cells.Amino acids are absorbed via cotransport with Na+.
Lipids(fat) digestion- Fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the intestinal cells via diffusion. They are recombined to form triglycerides and then combined with other lipids and proteins within the cells.
Carbohydrate digestion - Glucose and galactose are absorbed via cotransport with Na+.All monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells via faciliated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
Nucleic acid digestion- Units enter intestinal cells by active transport via membrane carriers. Units are absorbed into capillary blood in the villi and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.Site of action would be the small intestine.
Protein- amino acids can be used by your body to form important cellular structures, such as enzymes, antibodies, hormones, muscle proteins, and collagen. Protein digestion begins with the action of an enzyme called pepsin. Pepsin is the active protein-digesting enzyme of the stomach.
Lipid-undigested in your digestive tract until they reach your small intestine. When pancreatic lipase acts on the small lipid droplets, it breaks them down into free fatty acids and monoglycerides, which are the two digestive products of lipids
Carbohydrate- function of the enzyme is to break down all disaccharides and complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides for absorption
Nucletic acid- nucleases break down nucleic acids such as RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) into nucleotide chains. The pancreas produces ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease while the small intestine produces nucleases that break down nucleotides into smaller subunits.
Submucosa- just external to the mucosa, is areolar connective tissue containing rich supply of blood and lymphatic vessels that supply the surrounding tissues of GI tract wall.
The muscularis externa-responsible for segmentation and peristalsis.
Mucosa- innermost layer with epithelial membrane that lines the alimentary canal lumen from mouth to anus. Major function is to secrete mucus and absorb the end products into the blood.
The serosa- outermost layer of the intraperitoneal organs, is the visceral peritoneum.
Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidneys.Eaxh nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. he nephron of the kidney is involved in the regulation of water and soluble substances in blood.The glomerulus is the site in the nephron where fluid and solutes are filtered out of the blood to form a glomerular filtrate.The proximal and distal tubules, the loop of Henle, and the collecting ducts are sites for the reabsorption of water and ions.The loop of Henle (sometimes known as the nephron loop) is a U-shaped tube that consists of a descending limb and ascending limb, which differ in permeability.