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Digestive/ Urinary System by:Loraene Lozano Pd:1 (Digestive enzymes…
Digestive/ Urinary System by:Loraene Lozano Pd:1
Major functions of the
digestive and urinary systems
Digestive System
It is to digest and absorb food and liquids. Try to achieve energy and nutrients. Also they ingest, secretion, and mixing and movement
Urinary System
It removes liquid waste in urine form. Also it keeps a stable balance of salts and other substances in blood. The urine travels from the kidneys to the ureters and fils the bladder
Major organs of the digestive and urinary systems
Digestive
Salivary glands
It produces saliva which keeps the mouth moist that can help breakdown foods
Pharynx
Helps to swallow foods and liquids
Esophagus
The esophagus is connects to the stomach. This has the food and liquids to the stomach
Stomach
The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food.
Small Intestine
The small intestine is to absorb nutrients and minerals from food.
Large Intestine
The large intestine is the recovery of water and electrolytes, formation and storage of faeces and fermentation of some of the indigestible food matter by bacteria
Rectum
The rectum is empty and stool is stored in the colon and the stool is existed throught the anus
Liver
The liver makes proteins important for blood clotting, detoxifies and metabolize drugs.
Gallbladder
The gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile, a yellow-brown digestive enzyme produced by the liver.
Pancreas
The pancreas releases juices directly into the bloodstream
Urinary
Kidneys
IT extract waste from blood, balance body fluids, and form urine
Uterers
Carries the urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Bladder
stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled.
Urethra
the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body. In men when ejaculated semen when reaching orgasm
Digestive
enzymes
Amylase
It helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.
Pepsin
Helps break down proteins into amino acids
Trypsin
breaks down protein
Pancreatic lipase
break apart fats
Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease
enzymes that break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
Location of digestion and absorption of each
macromolecule
Carbohydrates
Absorption takes place in the upper smaller intestine or the ileal portion of the intestine.
Proteins
Occurs in the stomach and duodenum. It is absorbed in Duodenum and jejunum absorb the proteins.
Steriods
Digest in the stomach and the absorption is very slow and can cause digestive problems
Fats
It is absorbs in the small intestine
Phospholipids
Lipids are absorbed in the small intestine and it is digested by the pancreatic lipase
Layers of the GI tract
Mucosa
It provides vascular support for the epithelium, and often contains mucosal glands. Products of digestion pass into these capillaries.
Submucosa
It has loose connective tissue layer, with larger blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and can contain mucous secreting glands.
Muscularis propia
Inner layer: circular
A smooth layer
Outer layer: Longitudinal
It keeps the food down through the gut
Adventitia
It is the outer most layer and Contains blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Anatomy:
Is the cortex of the kidneys. It surrounds the a tuft capillaries called glomerulus which carries blood from the renal . Epithelial tissue forms the nephron
Physiology
The substances absorbed are water, Na+, CI-, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. The water can leave the descending limb but not the ascending limb because aquaporins are scarce or absent in the tubule cell membrane
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems.
Digestive
Crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the digestive tract
Celiac Disease
autoimmune digestive disorder in which affected individuals cannot tolerate gluten
Esophageal Cancer
squamous cell carcinoma, which develops from epithelial cells lining the esophagus
squamous cell carcinoma, which develops from epithelial cells lining the esophagus
Liver cancer
benign liver tumours remain in the liver, whereas malignant tumours are, by definition, cancerous.
Urinary
Bladder Cancer
involves neoplasms of the bladder's linning epithelium and may be induced by carcinogens.
Cystocele
Herniation of the urinary bladder into the vagina
Diabetes Insipidus
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is due to the lack of ADH receptors in collecting ducts
Glomerulonephritis
It is inflammation of the glomeruli