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Digestive / Urinary System (Major functions of the digestive system…
Digestive / Urinary System
Major organs of the digestive system
Alimentary Canal
also called GI Tract
digests food and breaks it down into smaller fragments and absorbs the digested fragments through its lining into the blood
consists of the gut
Accessory Digestive Organs
includes the teeth, tongue, gall bladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas
produce secretions that help break down food
Major functions of the urinary system
functions to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine
also functions to keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood
Major functions of the digestive system
Ingestion - takes in food into the digestive tract
propulsion - moves food through the alimentary canal
Mechanical breakdown - prepares food for digestion by enzymes
Digestion - enzymes secreted into the lumen of the alimentary canal to break down complex food molecules
absorption - passage of digested end products from lumen of the GI tract
defecation - eliminates indigestible substances from the body
Major organs of the urinary system
kidneys - are located below the ribs/ and functions to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine
ureters - narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
bladder - located in the lower abdomen and is held in place by ligaments attached to organs and pelvic bones
sphincter muscles - muscles that help keep urine from leaking by closing tightly around the opening of the bladder
Urethra - allows urine to pass outside from the body/ the brain sends signals to the bladder and tells them when to open and close tightly so there is no leakage
Digestive enzymes
pepsin - is produced in the stomach functions to help break down proteins into amino acids
amylase - is produced in the mouth . also helps break down starch molecules into sugar molecules
trypsin - is produced in the pancreas to help break down proteins
pancreatic lipases - is produced in the pancreas and is used to break down fats
Disorders of the digestive system
achalasia - when swallowing is hindered or pervented
ascites - abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity
barrett's esophagus - a change in epithelium of the lower esophagus from stratified squamous to a columnar epithelium
Disorders of the urinary system
chronic renal disease - defined as a GFR of less than 60 ml
glycosuria - diabetes mellitus
ketonuria - excessive formation and accumulation of ketone bodies
pyuria - urinary tract infection
hermaturia - bleeding urinary tract
Layers of the GI tract
the mucosa - innermost layer or mucous membrane/ secretes mucus such as digestive enzymes and hormones, absorbs the end products of digestion into the blood, and also protects against infectious diseases
the submucosa - external to mucos/ areolar connective tissue/ contains a rich supply of blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles etc.
the muscularis externa- responsible for segmentation and peristalsis/ is made of smooth muscle cells to control food passage from one organ to the next and prevent back flow
the serosa - outermost layer/ formed by areolar connective tissue covered with squamous epithelial cells