Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
The Digestive/Urinary System Rafael Uriarte Period 5 (Major organs of the…
The Digestive/Urinary System
Rafael Uriarte Period 5
Nephron anatomy and physiology
It is the structural and functional unit of the kidneys. Kidneys contain over 1 million of these tiny blood processing units that are responsible for forming urine. Each nephron consists of a glomerulus and renal tubule.
Glomerulus
It is a specialized capillary bed that allows for large amounts of solute-rich, protein free fluid to pass through the blood to the glomerular capsule.
Renal tubule
The renal tubules has four parts
2.) proximal convoluted tubule
Walls are cuboidal epithelial cells with dense microvilli, increases the surface area to reabsorb water and solutes from the filtrate.
3.)Loop of Henle
Descending end walls are similar to PCT
1.) glomerular(Bowman’s) capsule
4.)Distal convoluted tubule
Empties into a collecting duct
Major organs of the digestive and urinary systems
Stomach
It is a J shaped muscular organ that can hold 1L. It holds the food when it goes down the esophagus.
Esophagus
Is a muscular tube leading to the stomach. This is where the food goes down to the stomach. It connects the pharynx to the stomach and it is a passageway only for food.
Liver
Responsible for many metabolic activities, it also helps maintain concentration of blood glucose levels, metabolizes proteins and stores glycogen. It can also convert carbohydrates and proteins to fat.
Pancreas
It secretes pancreatic juice and is also sodium bicarbonate rich and it has enzymes to digest all 4 nutrients.
Gall bladder
The gallbladder stores excess bile for liver and it concentrates and stores bile produced in the liver, to release into small intestine.
Small intestine
It is about 7m king and 2cm in diameter. It’s functions are mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, and the absorption of water and nutrients in the body.
Large intestine
The large intestine is 1.5m long and it has wider diameter than the small intestine. It is digestion by bacteria, it is the absorption of water and salt and it can form, store, and eliminate feces.
Salivary gland
It secretes saliva l, which moistens and also dissolves food particles, bind them together allowing tasting and also helps to cleanse the mouth and teeth which begins carbohydrates digestion.
Mouth
The opening for food and food enters the mouth. Chews and lubricantes food with saliva. It also moves the food to the pharynx.
Kidneys
It filters about 200 liters of fluid daily and it is a major excretory organ.
Ureters
It transports urine from kidneys to the bladder
urinary bladder
Temporary storage reservoir for grime
Urethra
Transports urine from bladder to the external environment
Major functions of the digestive and urinary systems
Mechanical digestion-physical breaking of large food pieces into smaller pieces
Chemical digestion-breaks food into simpler chemicals that can be absorbed by cells in the body
Digestion(breakdown) and absorption of food for metabolism (energy and growth and repair of tissues)
Elimination of waste products like drugs or toxins or nitrogenous wastes
Regulate aspects of homeostasis
Can also produce hormones like renin and erythropoietin
Location of digestive and absorption of each macromolecules
In the large intestine it is about 10% and it absorbs water and vitamin K and B complex.
In the small intestine the macromolecules that are absorbed are water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. It chemically digests food and moves from intestine into blood and lymph. The small intestine is about 90% of the absorption.
The stomach absorbs only small quantities of water and certain salts, alcohol, and some lipid soluble drugs.
The pancreas digests the macromolecules of protein, lipids, and sodium bicarbonate rich and carbohydrates.
Digestive enzymes(including names and functions)
Protease
Breaks peptide - amino acids
Amylase
Breaks polys - di
Pepsin
Breaks protein - peptide
Maltase
-glucose
Lactase
-glucose and galactose
Sucrase
-glucose and fructose
Nuclease
-Breaks nucleic aids into nucleodtides
Lipase
-Breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Layers of the GI Tract(including stomach)
Muscular layer or muscularis
It is the muscle layer that has two layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalsis and segmentation. The inner circle squeezes and decreases the size of lumen while the outer longitudinal layer shortens the intestine.
Serosa
It is the outer covering of the GI Tract and is a serous membrane that produces serous fluid for lubrication. It also attaches the digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity by forming folds called mesenteries.
Sub mucosa
It is the areolar connective tissue containing major blood vessel. It has many elastic fibers to retain shape and it has a submucosal plexus that is a autonomic nerve supply.
Mucosa
Produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections, and the epithelium varies by location. Also the muscularis mucosae has two thin layers of smooth muscles
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
A chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus
Inflammatory bowel disease
A chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract and includes colons disease
Peptic ulcers
Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach of duodenum
Colon disease
Colorectal cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth in the colon
Polyps
Growths
cholecystitis
An inflammation of the gallbladder
Digestive system
Urinary system
Digestive system
Urinary system