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Digestive & Urinary System (Major Functions (breaking down of food…
Digestive & Urinary System
Major Functions
breaking down of food into molecules that can pass through the wall of the digestive tract and can be taken up by the cells
supply secretions such as enzymes, saliva, mucus, etc.; aiding in the breakdown of food
transport of digested end product into blood and lymph through the wall of GI tract
passage for food
immune function by the palatine tonsils
produces vitamins
aid in digestion
produces saliva to moistens food into bolus
secrete intestinal juice
layers of GI tract
mucosa
mucosa membrane- produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections
epithelium: nonkeratinized stratified squamos in mouth, esophagus, and anus, protection against friction
lamina propria: contains blood and lymphatic vessels, and lymph node for nourishment and immunity
muscular mucosae: two thin layers of smooth muscles
submucosa
areolar connective tissue containing major blood vessel
submucosal plexus: autonomic nerve supply and glands & lymphatic tissue
muscularis layer
inner circular layer- squeeze, decrease size of lumen; in some areas act as sphincter or valves
outer longitudinal layer- shortens intestine
myenteric plexus- nerves
serosa
outer covering of the GI tract
serous membrane- produces serous fluid for lubrication
stomach
food enters at the cardioesphageal sphincter
chemical digestion- breakdown of protein begins regions of stomach
cardiac region- near heart
fundus- dome-shaped, filled with gas
body- main portion
pylorus- funnels shaped end
pyloric sphincter- controls food leaving stomach and entering small intestine
major organs of the digestive & urinary system
urinary
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
digestive
pancreas
salivary glands
small intestine
esophagus
mouth
oropharynx
stomach
large intestine
gall bladder
liver
Digestive Enzymes
amylase
produced in the mouth. it helps break down larger molecules into smaller molecules
pepsin
produced in the stomach. breaks down proteins into amino acids
trypsin
produced in pancreas; breaks down proteins
pancreatic lipase
produced in the pancreas; breaks apart fats
deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease
produced in the pancreas; enzymes breaks bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA
digestive disorders
cholecystitis
an inflammation of the gall bladder
gastroespophageal reflux disease
a chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus
inflammatory bowel disease
a chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
peptic ulcers
sores that develop in the lining of the stomach of the duodenum
hemorrhoids
inflammed veins in the rectum or anus
spastic colon or IBS
abnormal abdominal conditions
colorectal cancer
uncontrolled cell growth in the colon
polyps
growths
diverticutis
pouches form on the wall of the colon
location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
ingestion
taking in of food through the mouth
peristalsis
propulsion by contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles lining of the alimentary canal
digestion
process of breaking down larger food molecules into smaller molecules
mechanical digestion
physical breakdown of food by cutting and grinding
chemical digestion
requires enzymes
nephron anatomy and physiology
function: filtration, separate to water, ions, and small molecules from the blood, filters out wastes and toxins, and return needed molecules to the blood
at the end of each nephron, in the cortex of the kidney, is a cup-shaped structure called Bowman's capsule. surrounds a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus that carries blood from the renal arteries into the nephron, where plasma is filtered through the capsule