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The Digestive/ Urinary System (Regions of the Stomach (Cardiac region:near…
The Digestive/ Urinary System
Functions
Digestive System: consists of organs that are involved in the breaking down of food into molecules that can pass through the wall of the digestive tract and can be taken up by the cells
Urinary system: Eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes, and regulate blood pH.
Major Organs
Digestive system
Mouth: contains teeth, salivary glands, tonsils, and tongue.
Pharynx: Involved in deglutition, forcing bolus from the mouth to the esophagus.
Esophagus: Passage way for food
Stomach: Secrete acid and enzymes that digests food
Small Intestine: Where most chemical digestion of all foods occur by enzymes produced by accessory organs.
Large Intestine: Eliminates indigestible food from body as feces
Anus: eliminates feces from rectum to exterior
Urinary System
Kidneys: Extract waste from blood, balance body fluids, and aids in other important functions of the body.
Ureters: Tube the carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Bladder: Store urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled.
Urethra: a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Layers of GI Tract
Mucosa
Epithelium: Nonkeratinized stratified squamous in mouth, esophagus, and anus, protection against friction.
Lamina propria: contains blood and lymphatic vessels, and lymph node for nourishment and immunity.
Muscularis mucosae: two thin layers of smooth muscle
Submucosa
Areolar connective tissure
Glands and lymphatic tissue.
Muscularis Layer
Inner circular layer: squeeze, decrease size of lumen; in some areas act as sphincter or valves
Outer longitundal layer: shortens intestinr
Mouth, pharynx, superior esophagus, and anal sphincter- voluntary muscle
Serosa
Serous membrane composed of thin layer of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
Produces serious fluid for lubrication
Regions of the Stomach
Cardiac region:near heart
Fundus: dome shaped, filled with gas
Body: main portion
Pylorus: funnels shaped end
Pyloric sphincter: controls food leaving stomach and entering small intestine
Macromolecule
Ingestion: taking in of food through the mouth.
Digestion: process of breaking down larger food molecules into smaller molecules
Mechanical digestion: physical breakdown of food cutting and grinding
Chemical digestion: requires enzymes
Absorption: Transport of digested end product into the blood and lymph through the wall of GI tract
Defecation: elimination of indigestible substances from the body in the form of feces.
Nephron Anatomy and Function
Anatomy
Carries blood from the renal arteries into the nephron , where plasma is filtered through the capsule.
At the end of each nephron is a cup-shaped structure called the Bowmans capsule.
Function
Used to separate water, ions and small molecules from the blood, filter out waste and toxins, and return needed molecules to blood.
Functions through filtration.
Digestive Enzyme
Amylase, produced in the mouth. It helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.
Pepsin, produced in the stomach. Pepsin helps break down proteins into amino acids.
Trypsin, produced in the pancreas. Trypsin also breaks down proteins.
Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas. It is used to break apart fats.
Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, produced in the pancreas. They are enzymes that break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.