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Digestive/ Urinary System Evelin Morales Period 5 (digestive enzymes…
Digestive/ Urinary System
Evelin Morales
Period 5
Layers of the GI tract
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis or muscular layer, and serosa
Mucosa
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous in mouth, esophagus, and anus, protection against friction.
Epithelium- varies by location, simpl columnar in intestine for absortion and secretion.
mucous membrane- produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections.
Lamina Propria- areolar connective tissuess, contains blood and lymphatic vessels, and lymph node for nourishment and immunity.
Muscularis mucosae- two thin layers of smooth muscles.
from the most inner layer or lining to the exterior
Submucosa
Submucosal plexus- autonomic nerve supply.
Glands and lymphatic tissue.
many elastic fibers to retain shape.
areolar connective tissue containing major blood vessel.
Muscularis Layer
two layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalsis and segmentation.
Inner circular layer- squeeze, decrease size of lumen; in some areas act as sphincter or valves.
Outer longitudinal layer- shortens intestine.
muscle layer
Myenteric plexus- nerv es.
also external anal sphincter is skeletal muscle.
Serosa
serous membrane- composed of thin layer of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium.
produces serous fluid for lubrication.
outer covering of the GI tract.
covers the outside of abdominal organs
attachesthe digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity by forming folds called mensenteries.
Major functions of the digestive
Mechanical and Chemical digestion
Digestion (breakdown) and absorption of food for metabolism (energy and growth and repair of tissues)
Major functions of the Urinary system
The kidneys remove urea from the blood cells.
keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood.
to remove liquid waster from the blood in the form of urine.
and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells
the kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons.
Major organs of the digestive and urinary system
The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are the solid organs of the digestive system.
The role of the excretory system is to remove waste products such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine from the blood to be passed out of the body as urine. The urinary system also helps us to regulate the amount of glucose, salts and water in the blood.
The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
digestive
enzymes (including names and functions);
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body
Digestive enzymes speed up chemical reactions that break down large food molecules into small molecules.
Chemical digestion could not take place without the help of digestive enzymes.
Digestive enzymes are released, or secreted, by the organs of the digestive system.
These enzymes include proteases that digest proteins, and nucleases that digest nucleic acids.
Examples of digestive enzymes are:
Amylase, produced in the mouth. It helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.
Pepsin, produced in the stomach. Pepsin helps break down proteins into amino acids.
Trypsin, produced in the pancreas. Trypsin also breaks down proteins.
Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas. It is used to break apart fats.
Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, produced in the pancreas. They are enzymes that break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
You could tighten a bolt with your fingers, but it would be difficult and slow. If you use a wrench, you can tighten a bolt much more easily and quickly. Enzymes are like wrenches.
Bile salts are bile acids that help to break down fat. Bile acids are made in the liver. When you eat a meal, bile is secreted into the intestine, where it breaks down the fats
location of digestion and absorption of each
macromolecule
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are the three monosaccharides that are commonly consumed and are readily absorbed.
The average American diet is about 50 percent carbohydrates, which may be classified according to the number of monomers they contain of simple sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and/or complex sugars (polysaccharides).
arge food molecules (for example, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and starches) must be broken down into subunits that are small enough to be absorbed by the lining of the alimentary canal.
This is accomplished by enzymes through hydrolysis
the process of mechanical digestion is relatively simple. It involves the physical breakdown of food but does not alter its chemical makeup. Chemical digestion, on the other hand, is a complex process that reduces food into its chemical building blocks, which are then absorbed to nourish the cells of the body. In this section, you will look more closely at the processes of chemical digestion and absorption.
In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase does the ‘heavy lifting’ for starch and carbohydrate digestion
Your bodies do not produce enzymes that can break down most fibrous polysaccharides, such as cellulose. While indigestible polysaccharides do not provide any nutritional value, they do provide dietary fiber, which helps propel food through the alimentary canal.
After amylases break down starch into smaller fragments, the brush border enzyme α-dextrinase starts working on α-dextrin, breaking off one glucose unit at a time. Three brush border enzymes hydrolyze sucrose, lactose, and maltose into monosaccharides. Sucrase splits sucrose into one molecule of fructose and one molecule of glucose; maltase breaks down maltose and maltotriose into two and three glucose molecules, respectively; and lactase breaks down lactose into one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose. Insufficient lactase can lead to lactose intolerance.
Nephron anatomy and physiology;
A nephron is the basic unit of structure in the kidney. A nephron is used separate to water, ions and small molecules from the blood, filter out wastes and toxins, and return needed molecules to the blood. The nephron functions through ultrafiltration.
The nephron uses four mechanisms to convert blood into urine: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of numerous substances.
The tubules are split into the proximal tubule, the loop of henle, the distal tubule and the collecting ducts.
The nephron of the kidney is made up of two major parts; the renal corpuscle and the tubules.