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Digestive/Urinary System Carlos Duarte Period. 5 (Disorders (constipation-…
Digestive/Urinary System Carlos Duarte Period. 5
Major Functions
Digestive
digest & absorption of food metabolism (energy, growth, and repair of tissues)
Urinary
elimination of waste products: nitrogen wastes, toxins, and drugs
regulate aspects of homeostasis: volume & chemical makeup of the blood, water & electrolyte balance, acid-base balance in the blood
Major Organs
Urinary
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
renal capsule
hilum
renal sinus
renal pelvis
calyces
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pyramids
renal artery
renal vein
nephron
Digestive
oral cavity
parotid gland
submandibular gland
sublingual gland
pharynx
esophagus
lower esophagel
sphincter
fundus
cardiac region
body of stomach
pyloric region
pyloric sphincter
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
common bile duct
ileocecal valve
liver
common hepatic duct
cystic duct
gallbladder
pancreas
pancreatic duct
cecum
appendix
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal
Digestive Enzymes
proteins (stomach & small intestine)
pepsin - breaks protein -> peptide
protease - breaks peptide -> amino acids
proteins -> peptides -> amino acids
carbohydrates (mouth & small intestine)
polysaccharides -> disaccharides -> monosaccharides
amylase - breaks polys -> di
maltase -> glucose
lactase -> glucose & galactose
sucrase -> glucose & fructose
DNA/RNA (pancreas)
nucleic acid -> nucleotides
nuclease - breaks nucleic acids into nucleodtides
lipids (small intestine)
fats -> fatty acids
lipase -> breaks fats into fatty acids & glycerol
Layers of GI Tract
Mucosa
mucous membrane- produces mucus for reduction of friction and protections
epithelium- simple columnar in intestine for absorption & secretion
lamina propria - contains blood and lymphatic vessels, and lymph node for nourishment and immunity
muscularis mucosae - two thin layers of smooth muscle
Submucosa
areolar connective tissue - containing major blood vessels
submucosal plexus - autonomic nerve supply ; glands and lymphatic tissue
Muscularis Layer
inner circular layer - squeeze, decrease size of lumen; in some areas act as sphincter or valves
muscle layer
outer longitudinal layer - shortens intestine
myenteric plexus - nerves
Serosa
outer covering of the GI Tract
serous membrane - composed of thin layer of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
produces serous fluid for lubrication
attaches the digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvic by forming folds called mesenteries
Location of Absorption and Digestion Macromolecule
Absorption
chemically digested food moves from intestine into blood & lymph
small intestine (90%) - contains villi & macrovilli for absorption ; absorbs water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, & minerals
large intestine - absorbs water and vitamin K and B complex
Digestion
physical (teeth) and chemical (enzymes) breakdown of food into nutrients
teeth, tongue salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
Nephron Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy
renal cortex
renal medulla
cortical nephron
renal capsule
collecting duct
proximal convoluted tubule
glomerulus
distal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
juxtamedullary nephron
Physiology
the structural & functional units of the kidney's
kidney's contains over 1 million of these tiny blood-processing units
responsible for forming urine
Disorders
constipation- infrequent bowel movements
diverticulitis- inflammation of small pouches of the intestines
gallstones- deposits that form in the gallbladder gastroesophageal reflux- stomach
GI Infections- may be bacertial, viral, or fungal
hemorrhoids- swollen veins in the rectum or anus
abdominal hernia- intestines protrude through the abdominal wall
inflammatory bowel disease - inflammation of the intestinal lining
liver disease- liver inflammation & tissue damage
pancreatitis- inflammation of the pancreas
peptic ulcers- sores in the lining of the stomach
colitis- sores & inflammation of the colon
viral hepatitis- inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis virus