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Language Theorist (Language and gender (Robin Lakoff: (Deficit approach)…
Language Theorist
Language and age
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Penelope Eckert: 3 types of age
Biological age: your maturity
chronological: how old you are
Social age: social groups (what goes on in your environment, whether you are married or have a job
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Language and gender
Robin Lakoff: (Deficit approach) women speech lacks authority whilst men speech is seem as the "norm". Women swear less and speak less than women.
was criticised for this view
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Deborah Cameron:(Difference Approach) power is the biggest factor in speech, not gender
O'Barr and Atkins:
Courtroom study: female lawyer were assertive and interrupted; witnesses of both sexes used Lakoff's trends. Suggests language is based on who has the most authority and power in a situation rather than gender.
De Francisco: asked 7 couples to tape themself and found that men introduced more subjects but the subjects that women introduced were accepted more than the mens
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Miller and Swift:
objects were given gender
discriminatory job titles
females were addressed as "girls" whilst males were addressed as "men"
"he" as false generic
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Janet Hyde: studied two bakeries
women in same sex conversations: collaborative and used lots of politeness strategies
men in same sex conversations: less collaborative and less complimentary. less supportive than women
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Accent and Dialect
Howard Giles( matech Guise)
Performed a speech for an audience in different accents( Brummie, RP, South Irish)
Brummie seen as "unintelligent"
RP seen as "intelligent" and of "high status"
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Gary Ives: studied dialect within two schools
Bradford school
95% pakistani backgrounds
used MLE as a "secret language"
John Mcwhorter: Adult Syrian Germans spoke imperfect German and their children spoke perfect Germnan
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Language and ethicity
Kachru created a circle diagram representing the spread of English. The inner circle refers to the regions that traditionally speak English. The outer circle refers to the regions where English is not their native tongue but has some influence from the English language through the British empire. The expanding circle refers to the regions with no precedent of the English tongue.
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Belle and Homes
studied data from interviews with working class interlocutors and found that h dropping was use a lot by men
Diglossia is when speech community uses two varieties of the same language or two different languages. One of the varieties is attributed more value than the other
Ferguson defined Diglossia as a speech community with a high variety (e.g. used in formal contexts such as work) and a low variety (e.g. used in informal contexts such as talking to friends) of the same language