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First Aid (Signs of Infection (swelling, heat, redness, pain, fever, pus,…
First Aid
Signs of Infection
swelling
heat
redness
pain
fever
pus
red streaks
Controlling Bleeding
first priority because victim can bleed to death
van come from vein, artery or capillary
direct pressure
sterile cloth or dressing
elevation
raise injured part above heart
pressure bandages
apply pressure to bandage to hold in place
pressure on pressure points
pressure to main artery by pressing against underlying bone
Basic Principles of First Aid
remain calm
avoid panic
evaluate situation thoroughly
have a reason for anything you do
First Aid for Bleeding and Wounds
wounds involve injuries to the soft tissues
open -> break in skin
closed -> bruise/hematoma, no break in skin
classifications
abrasion
laceration
puncture
avulsion
amputation
Providing First Aid for Shock
AKA hypoperfusion
clinical set of S/S associated with inadequate supply of blood to body organs
causes
hemorrhage
excessive pain
infection
heart attack
stroke
poisoning
lack of oxygen
psychological trauma
dehydration
types of shock
anaphylactic
cardiogenic
hemorrhagic
metabolic
neurogenic
psychogenic
respiratory
septic
First Aid for Poisoning
poison -> any substance that causes harmful reaction
immediate action is needed
first aid depends on type of poison, injury and method of contact
in unconscious -> check for breathing
First Aid for Burns
injury caused by fire, heat, chemical agents, radiation, electricity
first degree - only top skin layer
second degree - epidermis and dermis, blister/vesicle forms
third degree -most severe type, all skin layers involved
General Principles
maintain confidentiality
make every attempt to avoid further injury
provide only treatment you are qualified to provide
Providing First Aid
not full/complete care, rather immediate care given to victim of accident/illness until experts take over
can often mean the difference of life/death and recovery/permanent disability
Tetanus
bacteria can enter any open wound
get tetanus shot or booster as needed
Heat Exposure
heat cramps
muscle pain and spasms due to loss of water and salt
apply firm pressure on cramped muscle
heat exhaustion
pale clammy skin, diaphoresis, fatigue, weakness, HA, muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fainting
move person to cooler area, cool wet cloth
First Aid for Cold Exposure
needs immediate attention or victim will die
degree affected by wind velocity, amount of humidity, and length of exposure
Hypothermia
body temp less than 95 F or 35 C
move to warn area, remove wet clothing, warm liquids, avoid warming too quickly
Frostbite
freezing of tissue fluids with damage to skin and underlying tissue
maintain respirations, treat for shock
Fractures
break in bone -> closed/open
limited motion, pain and tenderness, swelling, discoloration, portrusion of bone
Splints
immobilize injured part
should be padded, tied in place
Heart Attack
coronary thrombosis, coronary occlusion, myocardial infarction
blockage in 1 or more coronary artery
If alone
call EMS immediately before providing care to any of the following
unconscious adult
unconscious child with heart problems
victim with witnessed cardiac arrest
unconscious child who reached puberty
S/S of shock
pale skin, cool to the touch, diaphoresis, rapid, weak pulse, respirations rapid and shallow, bp very low or unobtainable, general weakness, anxiety, excessive thirst, nausea, blurred vision
Eye Injuries
danger of vision loss, avoid major treatment, obtain specialist help
Ear Injuries
can result in rupture or perforation of eardrum, clear or blood tinged fluid draining from ear
Brain Injuries
wounds/blows to the head
Nose Injuries
nosebleeds usually more frightening than serious
CVA
atroke, apoplexy, cerebral thrombosis
Convulsion
type of seizure