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Chapter 1. What is interaction design (1.3 What is interaction Design? (1…

- - - - 1.
        
        who is going to be using
        them,
        
        and where they are going to be used
        
        how they are going to be used
      - 2.
        
        to understand the kind of activities people are doing when interacting with the products.
        
        The appropriateness of different kinds of interfaces and arrangements of input and output devices depends on what kinds of activities are to be supported.
    - - The key question for interaction design
        
        how do you optimize the users’ interactions with a system, environment, or product, so that they support and extend the users’ activities in effective, useful, and usable ways?
      - The principles when choosing interface
        
        Thinking through what might provide quality user experiences.
        
        Listening to what people want and getting them involved in the design.
        
        Considering what might help people with the way they currently do things.
        
        Using tried and tested user-based techniques during the design process.
        
        Taking into account what people are good and bad at.
      - Problems
        
        There are too much type of interface
        
        Examples
        
        via the use of menus,commands, forms, icons, gestures, etc. Furthermore, ever more innovative everyday artifacts are being created, using novel materials, such as e-textiles and wearable
        
        The interfaces for everyday consumer items, like cameras, microwaveovens, and washing machines, that used to be physical and the realm ofproduct design, are now predominantly digitally based, requiring interactiondesign (called consumer electronics).
        
        The move towards transforminghuman–human transactions into solely interface-based ones has alsointroduced a new kind of customer interaction. Self-checkouts at grocerystores, airports, and libraries are becoming the norm where customersthemselves have to check in their own goods, luggage, or books. Instead ofa friendly face helping them out, interfaces bark orders at them.
- - - - Put another way, it is about creating user experiences that enhance and augment the way people work, communicate, and interact.
      - More generally, Winograd describes
        
        “designing spaces for human communication and interaction”
      - while Saffer emphasizes its artistic aspects:
        
        “the art of facilitating interactions between humans through products and services”
      - designing interactive products to support the way people communicate and interact in their everyday and working lives.
    - - user interface design
      - software design
      - user-centered design
      - product design
      - web design
      - experience design
    - - Architects are concerned with the people and their interactions witheach other and with the house being built.
      - In contrast, engineers are interested in issues to do with realizing the project.
  - - - Human Factors
      - Cognitive Engineering
      - Human Computer Interface (HCI)
      - Cognitive Ergonomics
    - - Graphic Design
      - Product Design
      - Artist-Design
      - Industrial Desgin
      - Film Industry
    - - Ergonomics
      - Psychology
      - Cognitive Science
      - Design
      - Informatics
      - Computer science
        /Software Engineering
      - Social Sciences
      - Ubiquitous Computing
  - - - many people are involved, ranging from social scientists to movie-makers.
      - Designers
        
        need to know many different things about users, technologies, and interactions between them in order to create effective user experiences. At the very least, they need to understand how people act and react to events and how they communicate and interact with each other.
        
        To be able to create engaging user experiences, they also need to understand how emotions work, what is meant by aesthetics, desirability, and the role of narrative inhuman experience.
      - Developers
        
        need to understand the business side, the technical side, the manufacturing side, and the marketing side
    - - Problems
        
        Clearly, it is difficult for one person to be well versed in all of these diverse areas and also know how to apply the different forms of knowledge to the process of interaction design. I
      - Solution
        
        Do by a team
        
        Who to include in a team will depend on a number of factors, including a company's design philosophy,its size, purpose, and product line
        
        Interaction design is mostly carried out by multidisciplinary teams, where the skill sets of engineers, designers, programmers,psychologists, anthropologists, sociologists, artists, toy makers, and others are drawn upon.
        
        Pros
        
        the potential of many more ideas being generated
        
        new methods developed,
        
        more creative and original designs being produced
        
        Cons
        
        People with different backgrounds have different perspectives and ways of seeing and talking about the world
- - - - one cannot design a user experience, only design for a user experience
      - one cannot design a sensual experience, but only create the design features that can evoke it.
    - - Nielsen and Norman
        
        “all aspects of the end-user's interaction with the company, its services, and its products
      - Garrett
        
        “every product that is used by someone has a user experience: newspapers, ketchup bottles, reclining armchairs, cardigan sweaters.”
      - more specifically
        
        it is about how people feel about a product and their pleasure and satisfaction when using it, looking at it, holding it, and opening or closing it.
        
        It includes their overall impression of how good it is to use, right down to the sensual effect small details have on them, such a show smoothly a switch rotates or the sound of a click and the touch of a button when pressing it.
        
        The experience is belong to the user
  - - - aesthetics
      - usability
      - content
      - look and feel
      - sensual and emotional appeal
      - fun
      - health
      - social capital
        
        the social resources that develop and are maintained through social networks, shared values, goals, and norms)
      - cultural identity
        
        age
        
        ethnicity
        
        race
        
        disability
        
        family status
        
        occupation
        
        education
      - functionality
    - - The sensual thread
        
        This is concerned with our sensory engagement with a situation and is similar to the visceral level of Norman's model.
        
        It can be equated with the level of absorption people have with various technological devices and applications, most notable being computer games, smartphones, and chat rooms, where users can be highly absorbed in their interactions at a sensory level.
        
        These can involve thrill, fear, pain, and comfort
      - The emotional thread
        
        Common examples of emotions that spring to mind are sorrow, anger, joy, and happiness.
        
        In addition, the framework points out how emotions are intertwined with the situation in which they arise
        
        Emotions also involve making judgments of value.
        
        –e.g. a person becomes angry with a computer because it does not work properly.
      - The compositional thread
        
        This is concerned with the narrative part of an experience, as it unfolds, and the way a person makes sense of it
        
        For example, when shopping online, the options laid out to people can lead them in a coherent way to making a desired purchase or they can lead to frustrating experiences resulting in no purchase being mad
        
        When in this situation, people ask themselves questions such as
        
        What is this about?
        
        Where am I?
        
        What has happened?
        
        What is going to happen next?
        
        What would happen if ...?
        
        The compositional thread is the internal thinking we do during our experiences.
      - The spatio-temporal thread
        
        This refers to the space and time in which our experiences take place and their effect upon those experiences
        
        There are many ways of thinking about space and time and their relationship with one another:
        
        for example, we talk of time speeding up,standing still, and slowing down, while we talk of space in terms of public and personal places, and needing one's own space.
    - - How realistic is it for interaction designers to take all of these factors (and potentially many others) into account and, moreover, be able to translate and combine them to produce quality user experiences?
- - - - Efficiency refers to the way a product supports users in carrying out their tasks.
    - - Learn ability refers to how easy a system is to learn to use.
      - It is well known that people don't like spending a long time learning how to use a system.
    - - Effectiveness is a very general goal and refers to how good a product is at doing what it is supposed to do.
    - - Memorability refers to how easy a product is to remember how to use, once learned.
      - This is especially important for interactive products that are used infrequently.
    - - Safety involves protecting the user from dangerous conditions and undesirable situations.
      - In relation to the first ergonomic aspect, it refers to the external conditions where people work
    - - Utility refers to the extent to which the product provides the right kind of functionality so that users can do what they need or want to do
  - - - Helpful
      - Motivating
      - Entertaining
      - Challenging
      - Exciting
      - Enhancing sociability
      - Supporting creativity
      - Cognitively stimulating
      - Fun
      - Provocative
      - Surprising
      - Rewarding
      - Pleasurable
      - Engaging
      - Enjoyable
      - Satisfying
      - Emotionally fulfilling
    - - Making one feel stupid
      - Patronizing
      - Frustrating
      - Boring
      - Making one feel guilty
      - Annoying
      - Childish
      - Unpleasant
      - Cutesy
      - Gimmicky
  - - - The more visible functions are, the more likely it is that users will be able to know what to do next.
      - Highly visible controlling devices, like knobs, buttons, and switches, which are intuitive to use, have been replaced by invisible and ambiguous activating zones where people have to guess where to move their hands, bodies, or feet on, into, or in front of to make them work.
    - - Related to the concept of visibility is feedback.
      - Feedback involves sending back information about what action has been done and what has been accomplished, allowing the person to continue with the activity.
    - - This refers to designing interfaces to have similar operations and use similar elements for achieving similar tasks
      - In particular, a consistent interface is one that follows rules, such as using the same operation to select all objects.
    - - This is a term used to refer to an attribute of an object that allows people to know how to use it
    - - The design concept of constraining refers to determining ways of restricting the kinds of user interaction that can take place at a given moment.