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Psychological Therapies (History (1793 (Philippe Pinel(psychiatrist)…

- - - - Classical conditioning techniques, operant conditioning techniques
    - - Beck’s cognitive therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
  - - - Person-centered therapy, motivational interviewing (MI), gestalt therapy
- - - - a nondirective insight therapy in which the client (or person) does all the talking and the therapist listens
        
        Based on the work of Carl Rogers
        
        Nondirective: therapeutic style in which therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client
      - Three elements of Roger’s therapy
        
        Authenticity
        
        the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client
        
        Unconditional positive regard
        
        he warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy
        
        Empathy
        
        he ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client
    - - Problems come from people not accepting some of their feelings
        
        Person hides behind “mask” of accepted behavior
        
        Problems occur when inner self doesn’t match the mask
        
        Personality may conflict with societal expectations
      - Gestalt therapy vs. person-centered therapy
        
        Similar because they’re both based in humanism
        
        Gestalt therapy is directive (unlike person-centered therapy)
      - form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences
        
        Created by Fritz Perls
        
        Therapist uses leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing
- - - - Controversial therapy for PTSD and similar problems
- - - - okens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges
    - - Clearly states goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties
- - - - Magnification and minimization: blowing a negative event out of proportion (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization)
      - Overgeneralization: drawing sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applying those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original
      - Selective thinking: focusing on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects
      - Personalization: taking responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person
      - Arbitrary inference: drawing a conclusion without any evidence
    - - Three goals
        
        Help develop strategies for solving future problems
        
        Help change irrational, distorted thinking
        
        Relieve the symptoms and solve the problems
      - Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
        
        cognitive-behavioral therapy
        
        clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements
        
        Challenges all or nothing beliefs
      - action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically
        
        Assumes disorders come from illogical, irrational cognitions