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Psychological Disorders (MODELS OF ABNORMALITY (THE BIOLOGICAL MODEL:…

- - - - Trephination: holes cut in skull to release demons
    - - Proposed by Hippocrates
    - - Exorcism: casting out of demons in a religious ritual
  - - - Diagnosis, symptoms, treatment
      - Abnormality
        
        Behavior that meets at least two of the following criteria may be considered abnormal
        
        Significant subjective discomfort
        
        Maladaptive
        
        Contrary to social norms
        
        Dangerous to self or others
        
        Unusual
        
        Note that abnormality differs from insanity
        
        Insanity considered a legal term in United States
        
        STATISTICAL OR SOCIAL NORM DEVIANCE
        
        situational context
        
        the social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior
        
        SUBJECTIVE DISCOMFORT
        
        subjective discomfort
        
        emotional distress while engaging in a particular behavior or thought process.
        
        INABILITY TO FUNCTION NORMALLY
        
        maladaptive
        
        the person finds it hard to adapt to the demands of day-to-day living
        
        psychological disorder
        
        pattern of behavior
        
        Causes them to harm others
        
        Harms their ability to function in daily life
        
        Causes people significant distress
    - - Subjective discomfort = emotional distress or pain
      - Maladaptive thinking/behavior = anything that does not allow a person to function or adapt
      - Situational context = the social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior
- - - - Cognitive psychologists study the way people think, remember, and mentally organize information; they see maladaptive functioning as resulting from illogical thinking patterns
    - - Explains disordered thinking and behavior as the result of repressing one’s threatening thoughts, memories, and concerns in the unconscious mind
      - based on the work of Freud and his followers
    - - Skinner and Watson
      - define personality as a set of learned responses, have no trouble explaining disordered behavior as being learned just like normal behavior
  - - - Cultural relativity
        
        is a term that refers to the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which the person with a disorder was nurtured to be able to correctly diagnose and treat the disorder
      - cultural syndromes
        
        cultural idioms of distress, and cultural explanations or perceived cause
        
        may or may not be recognized as an illness within the culture but are nonetheless recognizable as a dis- tinct set of symptoms or characteristics of distress.
      - sociocultural perspective
        
        abnormal thinking or behavior (as well as normal) is seen as the product of behavioral shaping within the context of family influences, the social group to which one belongs, and the culture within which the family and social group exist.
  - - - accepting a particular culture is of a specific disorder will also play a part in determining the exact degree and form that disorder might take
      - has become a very influential way to view the connection between mind and body.
- - - - Phobic disorders
        
        Phobia= irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
        
        Specific phobia
        
        fear of objects or specific situations or events
        
        Claustrophobia: fear of being in a small, enclosed space
        
        Acrophobia: fear of heights
        
        social phobia
        
        social anxiety disorder
        
        ear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation
        
        agoraphobia
        
        fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
        
        Diagnosis requires that one feels anxiety in at least two of five situations (e.g. using public transportation)
      - Panic disorder
        
        Panic disorder
        
        panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life
        
        Panic attack = sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying
        
        One panic attack ≠ panic disorder
      - Generalized anxiety disorder
        
        excessive anxieties and worries occur more days than not for at least 6 months
        
        Often characterized by free-floating anxiety
- - - - Depressive disorders
      - Bipolar and related disorders
- - - - Hallucinations= false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist
      - Delusions= false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness
        
        Delusions of reference
        
        Delusions of influence
        
        Delusions of persecution
        
        Delusions of grandeur (or grandiose delusions)
    - - Avolition= a lack of motivation and a seeming absence of interest or an inability to persist in routine activities
      - Alogia= a significant reduction in the amount of speech
      - Flat affect = a lack of emotional responsiveness
        
        Diminished emotional expression
  - - - Characterized by prominent delusions
      - Hallucinations may accompany delusions
      - Speech is not disorganized and flat affect typically not present
    - - Characterized by disorganized speech that is difficult to follow
      - May also have flat affect or constant shifts of emotion
    - - Characterized by catatonic symptoms
      - Catatonia= either wildly excessive movement or total lack thereof
      - Negative symptoms likely to present