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Youth Subcultures Formed through Social Structures (ETHNICITY (modern…
Youth Subcultures Formed through Social Structures
SOCIAL CLASS
John Clarke: Skinheads
represented an exaggerated version of working class masculinity
wore an extreme form of manual workers clothes
macho, agressive, racist attitude
argued that youths felt that their working class identity was under threat due to economic resistance
exaggerated as a form of resistance
Jefferson: Teddy Boys
been excluded rom employment and general affluence
not having done well in school and dead end futures to look forward to
wore Edwardian style brightly coloured jackets
jackets symbolised they were trying to be like their middle class superiors
Hebdige
'
bricolage
' = to describe some of the punk culture - reuse o ordinary items and putting them together in a new way
punk emerged as a resistance against the dominance of the mainstream media and fashion industries - which were telling how youths should be
attracted working class, disaffected youth - political views = poverty and smashing the system
'incorporation' - describe how these subversive styles are often taken over by the media and fashion industries and 'incorporated' into the mainstream
CCCS
suggested that social class and feelings of deprivation and frustration forms subcultures
different economic positions differentiated them
resistance against capitalist system and social class deprivation
Brake (1980)
these solution were 'magical', symbolic solutions rather than practical, concrete solutions, to the problems faced by working class youths
youth subcultures made youths feel like they had power and were 'fighting back' - however most would end up conforming to the adult world as they submitted to societies social control
Hebdige: Mods
working class, used their money to create a style that was resistance against the middle class
showing they could be smart and cool too with their italian suits and scooters
Thornton (1995)
challenges the ideas of the CCCS and the significance of social class as an element of youth subcultures
argues that because youth are largely exempt from adult responsibilities that the vast majority do enjoy disposable income and a short period of freedom
though she accepts that youth unemployment and poverty are widespread, she argues that all but the very poorest can partake in club culture
GENDER
Thornton (1995)
because girls had less disposable income, marrying earlier and earning less than their male counterparts
leads to difference in 'subcultural capital'
girls accept their lack of subcultural capital, by defending their taste in pop music
the 'teenage market' was dominated by boys
argues that girls invested more and energy doing well in school while boys were investing time and money in music snd going out
mainstream culture is often looked down on by those with subcultural capital
McRobbie: Active Girls
girls have become more active in relation to consumer culture
Reddington (2003)
argues that there have been very active female members of some of the 'spectacular subcultures'
Vivienne Westwood who was influential in the punk subculture
punk offered an outlet, a form of resistance, for many young women who were appalled at the idea o college or getting married
female punks weren't taken seriously - referred to as 'punkettes' and judged on their physical appearance
Changing Roles of Females in Subcultures
unisex subcultures
strong and powerful female identities
form of resistance against patriarchy and all male exclusiveness
Bennett (1999)
argued that post modern style 'neo tribes' are less gendered, and loosening of boundaries
allows girls to develop their own identitiy
girls are less restricted and controlled
McRobbie = bedroom culture
ETHNICITY
Hebdige (1979)
argued that British youth subcultures can be read as 'a succession of differential responses to the black immigration presence in Britain'
mods - seen as imitating the 'cool' style of west Indians and their influence from soul music
skinheads - gained a reputation for racism and resistance to immigration
more recently, black music and fashion have influenced white working
Nayak (2003)
white wannabes
white rap stars, eminem = illustrate this cultural hybridity
Rastarians culture
Hebdige
saw as forms of resistance to white culture and racism with roots in the relations of slavery
attracted carribean migrants to uk
Brasians
young British asians refuse to accept a subordinate place in society and wish to celebrate their culture by making it more contemporary and fashionable
Johal (1998)
some british asians adopt a 'hyper-ethnic style', an exaggerated form of their parents culture
this can provide an 'empowerment through difference'
however, code switching due to being more british or asian based on a situation
resistance or hybridity?
rastas = resistance
brasian = hybridity
rap = hybridity in action
modern primitives
a neo tribe found in the us and in part of western europe
focus on individuality and self expression
non western ethnic groups - mixing modern with primitive & taking inspo from many cultures
Vale and Juno (1989)
the body modification undertaken by modern primitives is a reaction to the sense o powerlessness created by living in a fast changing world, through which some sense of power and control can be regained
cultural exchange and cultural appropriation
positive
== it leads to more mixing and understanding between different groups and has been seen as a form of cultural exchange
cultural exchange suggests a two way, equal process, which is often not true in reality
negative
== taking aspects of other ethnic groups into white subcultures is a form of cultural appropriation = exploitation and disrespect