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Organisation 3 (Transpiration and stomata (Transpiration rate affected by:…
Organisation 3
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Cancer
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Benign- grows until no room. Stays in a place with a membrane- does not invade other body tissues- not dangerous or cancerous.
Malignant- grows and spreads to neighboring healthy tissues. Cells may break off and spread to other arts of body through bloodstream- invade health tissues and form secondary tumors- dangerous, cancerous, fatal.
Risk factors increase cancer. Survival rates increased due to medical advances- diagnosing it earlier and screening for disease.
Risk factors associated with lifestyle:
- Smoking- lung, mouth, bowel, stomach, cervical.
- Obesity- bowel, liver, kidney- second biggest preventable cancer.
- UV exposure- skin. Higher risk if spend time outside or live in sunny climate.
- Viral infection- hepatitis B and C- increase chance of liver cancer. Depend on lifestyle e.g. unprotected sex or sharing needles.
Risk factors associated with genetics:
- Faulty genes- more susceptible to cancer e.g. mutations in BRCA genes (produce tumor suppressor proteins) increase likelihood of developing breast and ovarian cancer.
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Plant cell organisation
Organs- stem, roots, leaves- work together to make organ system- carry out tasks for plant survival and growth e.g. transporting substances around plant.
Plant organs made of tissues:
1) Epidermal tissues- cover whole plant- covered with waxy cuticle- reduce water loss by evaporation.
2) Palisade mesophyll- Where most photosynthesis occurs. Upper epidermis is transparent- light can pass through to palisade layer- lots of chloroplasts- near top of leaf- get most of light.
3) Spongy mesophyll- big air spaes- gases o diffuse in and out of cells.
4) Xylem and phloem- transport water, mineral ions and food around plant. Form network of vascular bundles- deliver nutrients to entire leaf- take away glucose by photosynthesis. Help support structure.
5) Meristem- Found at growing tips and shoots- differentiate- allows plant to grow.
6)Tissues of leaf adapted for efficient gas exchange- lower epidermis full of little holes; stomata- lets CO2 diffuse directly into leaf. Opening and closing of stomata controlled by guard cells- in response to environment conditions. Air spaces in spongy mesophyll increase rate of diffusion of gases.