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Relations of the Crusader states (Muslim Near East (1099-1144 (bad…
Relations of the Crusader states
Muslim Near East
1099-1144
good
Agreements w/ Muslims
1109 treaty: agreed would share wealth of Terrre de Seuth near Damascus
Arsuf 1101
Port surrendered in 3 days
Baldwin granted safe passage to Ascalon
same terms given to Acre 1104
Muslim Disunity
meant not able to effectively fight against crusaders
liked barrier of crusader state between Fatimids and Seljuks
bad
Military battles
2nd Battle of Ramla in 1102 = heavy casualties
Caeserea 1101
refused to surrender
massacre
Broken Alliances with Muslims
lost alliance with Tughtegin in 1119
especially bad because same year as FoB
Muslims allying against crusaders
Muslim Unity under Zengi
took Edessa in 1144
1144-1187
bad
increased muslim Unity
NAD = Jihadi leader
took Jerusalem 1187
Lack of Muslim alliances
because of increased Muslim Unity
good
still able to defeat them
battle of Montsigard 1177
1153: Ascalon taken from Fatimids after 8 month siege
egypt
1187+
good
peace between Muslims and Franks
Peace would remain until 1210s
Broken in 1204 but both Aimery and al-Adil were quick to renew it
Because fear that the conquest of Constantinople meant crusaders would take more land
1192: reengages in diplomacy w/ Conrad and Richard
losing finance + just wants to survive the crusade
consider partitioning holy land if he got to keep Jerusalem and Ascalon
Treaty of Jaffa
Saladin retains control of Jerusalem
Bad
Saladin takes Jerusalem
slaughtered at battle of Harim
Jerusalem not well defended because all at Harim = easy to take
Fights during 3rd crusade
win some, lose some
Byzantine Empire
1099 - 1144
good
first crusade
helped at Nicaea
gave them advice about fighting turks when crossing Anatolia
Tripoli and edessa
Neither Alexios nor John objected to Baldwin having Edessa although it had previously been Greem
Actively helped Raymond take Tripoli + asked Byzantine governor of Cyprus to help castle building at Pilgrim's Mount
Treaty of Devol 1108
Bohemond declared himself liege to emperor + provide military assistance
Bohemond allowed to keep Antioch and other land
John and Raymond
see bad
bad
First crusade
stopped giving help after Antioch
Bohemond
Kept Antioch
Wanted war against crusader states
forced greek patriarch out of the city
Alexios sent army to take ports in Cicilia + wanted to attack Antioch itself
1130: Johns attempted marriage alliance
Wanted to marry Constance (Bohemond's daughter) to his son, Manuel
Offer was rejected and Fulk married Constance to Raymond of Poitiers = John was snubbed
Went to Antioch and claimed it
Raymond declared himself John's liege + said once he had, Aleppo, Shaizar, Hama and Homs, would give back Antioch
Aleppo 1138
John very energetic
Raymond gambled with Joscelin because didn't want to lose Antioch
1144 - 1187
Good
The second crusade
supplied them
Treated Conrad well on his return to constantinople after defeat in Anatolia
Married Conrad's sister in law to seal alliance with normans
attempt at diplomacy
1152: sent John Roger to seek hand of Constance of Antioch but John Roger was rejected
1156: Reynald his vassal :
Hired his services against Thoros who had been attacking cicilia
Reynald now imperial agent - Antioch in Manuel's hands
Later Reynald betrays him by allying with Thoros to take Cyprus
Baldwin and Manuel
1158: Manuel set off to take Antioch after Reynald after cyprus
Baldwin married Manuel's niece, Theodora to repair the relationships
Met in 1159: Manuel promises to help Baldwin against Nureddin
Joint attack on Aleppo
bad
Battle of Myriokephalon 1176
Fought against Kilij Arslan II
Although KA tried to negotiate peace, Manuel rejected
Went through pass + encountered KA's troops
vanguard made it through but rear end was slaughtered
reduced power of Byzantium
showed that Manuel couldn't lead
Fear of second crusaders
Manuel made alliance with Seljuks in 1146 even though said he was enemy of them
Germans pillaged greek land (already worried that they would attack Constantinople)
Reynald and Cyprus
Attacked cyprus 1156
Manuel marched over in 1158
1187+
good
Third Crusade
FB on guard through Byz territory + asked for Serbians (rebelling against Byz) for war fleet
Isaac backed down and gave ships to cross Anatolia
Feb 1190: treaty of Adrianople
Warning helped siege of Acre because S split his forces + was overcautious = defeated
Fourth crusade
Alexios asked for crusade help to take Constantinople
crusaders then took constantinople for themselves
bad
Third Crusade
Hindered FB due to alliance with Saladin
Warned S of FB's advance so he was prepared
closed markets and allowed Greeks to attack FB's army
Fourth crusade
Constantinople under latins was weak
didn't take a lot of land that was claimed
opposition = Battle of Adrianople 1205 where Bulgarians almost destroyed latin army
Latin West
1099-1144
good
Marriage alliances
Baldwin II married Fulk to Melisende
responded to call for help at Damascus in 1129 and brought fleets
Bohemond
returned to Europe as a hero
Married King of France's daugther
Military help
later crusades in 1110 and 1101 meant more manpower
Italian sea powers helped take ports e.g. Tripoli 1109
Military orders
Kept castles in 1130s such as Baghras near Antioch
Political role because Fulk's link to Military order Templars facilitated his marriage to Melisende
bad
Conflict between Fulk and Melisende
No call for crusade
ask for crusade in 1120 but only got fleet
no more help from crusades lead to lack of manpower
Military orders
1139-45 had right to elect own Master so didn't have to answer to King
Not contributing to economy 1139-45 because exempt from Tithes
1144 - 1187
good
Count Thierry of Flanders
Arrived in enough time to relieve Krak de Chevaliers with Baldwin III
Took Harem 30 miles away from Damascus
Italian sea powers
1167: allied with Pisan fleet to help in Amalric's campaign against Shirkuh
1174: Allied with Sicilians to launch campaign after NAD's death
Military orders
Baldwin IV sold castles to them because he needed money
1180: sent Templars to recruit for a crusade
bad
Failed crusade requests
After Jacob's ford Pope Alexander II called crusade
New king of Philip couldn't go because of conflict with Flanders
Henry of England couldn't go because if he went and Baldwin died he would have to stay and he didn't want to
1177 Battle of Montisgard
success meant that Latin west thought Crusader states were strong when they were not
Meant no crusade called until the fall of Jerusalme
Count Thierry of Flanders and philip
Philip Couldn't stay because of problems at home after his brother died and left no one to defend his lands
Philip + other took Shaizar in 1157 but were not able to take it because fought with barons about ownership
1187 +
Good
Third crusade
Richard supported Guy
after dispute over kingship = Guy now king (BUT Conrad was eventually elected instead)
Military orders
Continuation of crusades
Children's crusade
King Louis IX launced a crusade
Bad
Fourth crusade
Never actually got to Outremer so obviously didn't care that much about it
Factionalism in Third Crusade
Richard took down Leopold's banner at Acre = he left
Richard VS Philip - Philip left + took Rs land
After lost Jerusalem not much help
didn't care anymore because lack of religious significance