Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Logic (Five arts of Falsafa (Logical Demonstration, Dialectics, Rhetoric,…

- - - - Singular
        
        Mere conception does prevent predication to multiple instances eg Zaid
      - Universal
        
        Mere conception does not prevent predication to multiple instances eg human
        
        Needed for
    - - Complete
      - Incomplete
- - - - Complete
        
        Captures all of definiendum's essential properties. (Composes proximate genus and specific difference)
      - Incomplete
        
        Captures some but not all essential properties
        
        eg Humans are rational objects (animality not captured)
    - - Complete
        
        Composed of definiendum's proximate genus and inseparable exclusive universals.
        
        eg An animal that laughs wrt to human
      - Incomplete
        
        Composed of multiple non-essential universals which in their entirety are inseparable from the definis essence.
        
        eg Humans walk on 2 feet, have broad nails, don't have fur, stand upright and are capable of laughter. Allows u to distinguish human beings, but doesn't give essence nor captures proximate genus.
- - - - Essential
        
        Genus
        
        A universal that is predicated of multiple universal concepts of different essences
        
        eg. Genus of humans and lions is animals
        
        Species
        
        Predicated of multiple singular concepts (what are they essentially?)
        
        eg Zaid, Sarah and Ali have species human
        
        Specific Difference
        
        what kind of (replace with genus) is it essentially?
        
        eg rational wrt to animal.
        
        All 3 inseparables
      - Non-essential
        
        Exclusive Universals
        
        Can be predicated of only a single essence and thereby sets that essence apart from the other species of the higher genus.
        
        eg something that laughs wrt to human beings. Since only humans laugh
        
        General Universals
        
        Can be predicated of many different essences.
        
        eg. Something that breathes. Can be predicated of humans, horses ...
        
        Can be separable or inseparable
      - Side definitions
        
        Inseparable
        
        When concept is inseparable from the essence that it is predicated of
        
        eg Potential of laughter predicated of humans, but not essential to being human (rational animal). But it is a direct consequence of rationality and cannot be separated from it.
        
        Separable
        
        eg Actual laughter, in comparison to the 'potential of laughter'
        
        Essence
        
        A virtue by which a human being is a human being or Hamza is Hamza.
        
        Important because they give identity to concepts
- - - - Categorical
        
        Terms non-propositional eg Zaid is standing
        
        First part called subject, second called predicate.
        
        X is / is not Y
        
        Three kinds of universal propositions
        
        Universally quantified
        
        Every human writes. No human writes.
        
        Particularly Quantified
        
        Some humans write. Some humans don't write.
        
        Unquantified
        
        Humans write. Humans don't write.
        
        Also apply to :arrow_right:
      - Conjunctive Conditional
        
        If x true, then y true.
        
        First part called antecedent, second called consequent.
      - Disjunctive Conditional
        
        Either x or y.
        
        eg. Every number is either odd or even
      - Using these :arrow_up:
    - - When its predication corresponds to reality.
    - - Subject
      - predicate
      - predication
        
        Says that the thing the subject concept refers to is characterized by the predicate concept.
      - modality
      - Eg
        
        Every contingent thing is made by a necessary being
        
        Subject: Contingent thing, Predicate: Made by a necessary being, Modality: Not possibly, but necessary true.
    - - Contradictions
        
        Used when can't demonstrate conclusion directly
        
        eg. If God didn't exist, then ...
        
        To work, propositions must be identical in every other aspect
        
        Particularly these 8 aspects of identity
        
        Subject eg Zaid
        
        Predicate eg Writing
        
        Time
        
        Place
        
        Relation ie Father wrt to whom
        
        Wholeness eg partially white or totally?
        
        Condition eg glass diffracts light only in specific circumstances
        
        Same in potentiality and actually.
        eg. Small wine doesn't intoxicate. But wine 'potentially' intoxicates
        
        Contradiction of an affirmative universally quantifiable proposition, is the negation of its corresponding particularly quanti prop
      - Conversion
        
        If can't prove A is B, prove all B is A. Implies some A is B
        
        Requires transposing the subject and predicate.
      - Using these :arrow_up:
  - - - If accept premises, must accept conclusion
      - Kinds
        
        Categorical Syllogisms
        
        First Kind
        
        Four forms
        
        AB. BC. = AC
        
        Concludes when
        
        4 more items...
        
        AB. CB.
        
        BA. BC.
        
        BA. CB
        
        1 clearest. Try to convert all to 1.
        
        Every A is B. Every B is C. Every A is C.
        
        Second Kind of CS
        
        Two conjunctive syllogisms
        
        If A, then B. Whenever B then C. If A, then C.
        
        Third Kind
        
        Composed of 2 disjunctive syllogisms
        
        Every number is even or every number is odd. Every number that is even is either the double of an even or odd number. Conclusion is that every number is an even number, the double of an even number or an odd number.
        
        Conclusion merely replaces elaboration into initial prop
        
        Fourth kind
        
        Composed of conditional prop and categorical prop.
        
        (All mixes are possible - usually at least)
        
        At heart, characterized by AB BC = AC structure
        
        Conditional Syllogism
        
        If A then B. Since No B, therefore no A.
        
        Comprises at least one conditional syllogism.
        
        Conclusion completely contained in one of the premises.
        
        Kinds
        
        Main premise is a conjunctive conditional premise
        
        eg If this thing is a human, then it is an animal. It is a human, therefore it is an animal.
        
        Main premise is disjunctive conditonal premise
        
        strongly exclusive
        
        Either even or odd (both can't be false)
        
        Weakly exclusive
        
        This is a tree or this is a boulder (both can be false)
    - - Entail conclusions probabilisticly
      - Kinds
        
        Analogical Arguments. Used in scientific modelling
        
        Enumerative arguments eg Lower jaw usually moves
        
        Field of statistics. (Inductive Generalizations)
- - - - Non-inferential knowledge :arrow_right: Apply inference
        Every conclusion must come back to non-inferential knowledge
      - Sources of non-inferential knowledge
        
        Conceptual Propositions
        
        Observed Propositions (external and internal)
        
        Tested proposition. eg water boils at 100*
        
        Intuited Propositions. Many obs, connect the dots.
        
        Mass transmitted. Obs, but of other people.
        Transmitters must be alot and independent.
        
        Subconsciously inferred eg 4 is even
        
        PS. A miracle is a violation of a tested proposition
        
        Sufis would say certain non-discursive knowledge as well. Only known through the soul.
      - Some can be known absolutely, others give uncertain knowledge
    - - Often start from intuition (4). Called Inference to Best Explanation (IBE)
      - Make predictions and test
      - IBE based on simplicity, coherence (to other conclusions) and generalize-ability.
      - Claimed IBE factors dependent on perspective.