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Digestive/Urinary System (Digestive Enzymes (Trypsin: produced in the…
Digestive/Urinary System
Nephron
At one end of each nephron, in the cortex of the kidney, is a cup-shaped structure called the Bowman's capsule. It surrounds a tuft of capillaries called the glomerulus that carries blood from the renal arteries into the nephron, where plasma is filtered through the capsule.
The function of the nephron mainly for filtration, and separate to water, ions and small molecules from the blood, filter out wastes and toxins, and return needed molecules to the blood.
Layers of GI tract
Muscularis Layer: two layers of smooth muscles to allow peristalisis & segmentation
- inner circular layer: squeeze, decrease size of lumen, in some areas act as sphincter or valves
- outer continudinal layer: shortens intestine
- voluntary muscle: mouth, pharynx, superior esophagus, and anal sphincter
- skeletal muscle: external & sphincter
- nerves: mycenteric plexus
Serosa: outer covering of the GI tract, serous membrane , composed of thin layer of areolar connective tissue & simple squamous epithelium, produces serous fluid for lubrication
Submucosa: aroelar connective tissue contianing major blood vessel, many elastic fibers to retain shape
- Submucosal plexus: autonomic nerve supply, glands & lymphatic tissue
Mucosa- contains the
- mucous membrane: which produces mucus for reduction of friction/protect
- Epithelium:varies by location,nonkeratinzed stratified squamos in mouth,esophagus, anus, protection against friction ( simple columnar in intestine for absorption & secretion)
- Lamina propria:areolar connective tissue, contains blood and lymphatic vessels & lymph node for nourishment & immunity
- Muscularis Mucosae: two thin layers of smooth muscle
Major Functions
Digestive
consists of organs that are involved in the breaking down of food into molecules that can pass through the wall of the digestive tract and can be taken up by the cells
the digestive process consists of the ingestion, propulsion and segmentation, digestion: which contains chemical and mechanical digestion, absorption and then finally the defecation
Urinary
Their function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells
The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
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Digestive Enzymes
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Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease: produced in the pancreas. They are enzymes that break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
Amylase: produced in the mouth. It helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.
Major Organs
Digestive
Small Intestine: muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve, chemical digestion of fat begins, where most chemical digestion of all food occurs by enzymes produced by accessory organ
Large Intestine: site of absorption of water and electrocytes: produces vitamins, eliminates ingestible food from body as feces, does not participate in digestion bu resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients
Stomach- located left of the abdominal cavity in left hydrochrondroic region food enter at the cardioesophgeal spchincter
Esophagus- collaspible tube runs from the pharynx to stomach, pass through diaphragm, food transported by peristalsis, NO digestive function only passage for food.
Pharynx- oropharynx is located posterioly to mouth, passage for food, water, or air. Larynpharynx: inferior to oropharynx involved in deglution, forcing bolus, from the mouth to esophagus
Anus: eliminates feces form rectum to exterior, defacation controlled by spchinters, internal and external
Mouth- oral cavity, area enclosed by the teeth & lips; contains teeth, salivary gland tonsils & tongue; mechanical & chemical digestion
Feces: poop,a form releasing and getting and of waste
Gall Bladder- pear-shaped organ; located in the underside of liver on the right side of abdominal cavity
Liver- largest gland in body, made of four lobes, located inferior to diaphragm, falciform ligament holds lobes to abdominal wall
Pancreas: located behind stomach surrounded by duodenum, produces digestive enzymes lipase and pancreatic amaylse
Urinary
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Renal Vein:They branch off the inferior vena cava and drain oxygen-depleted blood from the kidneys. As they enter the kidneys, each vein separates into two parts
Aorta: The posterior veins assist in draining the back section of each kidney, while the anterior veins assist the front part. These veins also are responsible for draining blood from the ureter, which transports urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Kidney: that filter waste products from the blood. They are also involved in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and red blood cell production in the body.
Vena Cava: drain oxygen-depleted blood from the kidneys.he posterior veins assist in draining the back section of each kidney, while the anterior veins assist the front part.
Ureter: a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. There are two ureters, one attached to each kidney. The upper half of the ureter is located in the abdomen and the lower half is located in the pelvic area.
Bladder:is a muscular sac in the pelvis, just above and behind the pubic bone and the bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled
Urethra:more than just a urinary duct; it also serves as a conduit for semen and sperm during sexual acts.
Disorders
Digestive
Cirihosis: 75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption, chronic progressive disease of the liver
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Pancreatitis: inflammation of pancreas, sometimes associtaed with chronic alcoholism
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Hepatitis A: spread through contaiminated food and water, infectious hepatitis, caused by virus
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: problem with cardioesophageal sphincter then you have a condition that can give you heart burn, and also acid reflux
Gastroenteritis: complication, dehydration, inflammation of mucous membrane lining of the stomach and intestine, caused by virus
Urinary
Urethrititis: inflammation of urethra and bacterial or viral infection, that causes swelling and irritation of the urethra.
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Diabetes Mellitus:glucose,glycosuria. urine smells sweet and contains a lot of glucose
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Urinary tract infection: leukocytes and pyuria, and urines is cloudy with white blood cells
Dysuria: from holding urine, and difficulty/ pain in passing urine