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Psychological theories (Psychopharmacology (Antianxiety drugs: used to…

- - - - Psychoanalysis and psycho dynamic therapy; Interpersonal psychotherapy
        
        Psychoanalysis: based on the theory of Freud emphasizing revealing of unconscious conflicts
        
        Dream interpretation, free association, resistance and transference
        
        Psychodynamic therapy: newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis
        
        Directive: actively giving interpretations of a client's statements in therapy, even suggesting certain behavior or actions
        
        Emphasizes on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach
        
        Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT): focus on interpersonal relationships and the interplay between mood and everyday events
        
        Incorporates multiple approaches derived from psychodynamic approach and combines aspects of humanistic and cognitive behavioral therapies
        
        Seems to be an effective treatment for depression especially when combined with medication
      - Humanistic therapies: person centered therapy, motivational interviewing, gestalt therapy
        
        Emphasizes the importance of the choices made by individuals and the potential to change one's behavior
        
        Person centered therapy Carl Rogers and Gestalt therapy Fritz Perl
        
        Authenticity: the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client
        
        Unconditional positive regard: the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person centered therapy
        
        Empathy: the ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client
        
        Gestalt therapy: form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences
        
        Problems come from people not accepting some of their feelings, person hides behind of accepted behavior, problems occur when inner self doesn't match the mask
        
        Person centered therapy: a nondirective insight therapy in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens
        
        Nondirective: therapeutic style in which therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client
    - - Behavior therapies:action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior
        
        Applied behavior analysis: use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior
        
        Uses: can be effective in treating specific problems, and help improve some more troubling behavioral symptoms associated with more severe disorders
        
        Classical conditioning
        
        Exposure therapy: introduce client to controlled situations that are related to their anxieties or fears
        
        Aversion therapy: an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior
        
        Systematic desensitization: client is asked to make list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears
        
        Operant conditioning
        
        Modeling: learning through observation and imitation of others
        
        Participant modeling: a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step by step gradual process
        
        Reinforcement: strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or removal of an unpleasant stimulus
        
        Token economy: use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior
        
        Contingency contract: a formal, written agreement between the therapist and client
        
        Extinction: removal of reinforce to reduce frequency of behavior
        
        Time out: an extinction process in which a person is removed from situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior
      - Cognitive therapies: beck's cognitive therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy
        
        Beck's cognitive therapy
        
        Over generalization: drawing sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applying those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original
        
        Magnification and minimization: blowing a negative event out of proportion while ignoring relevant positive events
        
        Selective thinking: focusing on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects
        
        Personalization: taking responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person
        
        Arbitrary inference: drawing a conclusion without any evidence
        
        Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically
        
        Rational emotive behavior therapy: cognitive behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements