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Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders (Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and…
Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders
Disorders of Mood
Bipolar Disorders:
experience of mood from normal to manic (Bipolar 1) of the normal mood interrupted by episodes of depression and hypermania
causes
Behavioral:
depression is linked to learned helplesness
Social Cognitive
: distorted thinking and negative, self defeating thoughts
Psychodynamic:
depression is repressed anger originally aimed at parents or other authority figures
Biological:
variation in neurotransmitter systems or specific brain activity, genes and heritability also take play a part
Major Depressive Disorders:
deeply depressed mood commonly diagnosed mood disorders, twice as common in women
Psychological Disorders
What is abnormality?
current definitions of abnormality are based on several factors
statistical or social norm deviance
subjective to discomfort
inability to function normally
disorders vary according to culture: cultural sensitivity and relativity are necessary in diagnosing and treating psychological disorders
psychopathology
: is the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction: mental illness has been defined in various ways throughout history.
overall, psychological disorders are any pattern of behavior or thinking that can cause significant distress, causes people to harm themselves or others, or harms their ability to function in their everyday life.
Models of Abnormality
Psychological Model:
propose that disorders are a result of various forms of emotional, behavior and thought related malfunctioning.
Sociocultural Perspective:
thinking and behavior are the product of family. social, and cultural influences, what is normal in one culture may be abnormal in another.
Biological Model:
proposes that psychological disorders have a biological or medical cause, the medicine model also influences approaches to diagnosis treatment, and possible outcomes for a given disorder.
Biopsychosocial Perspective
incorporates biological, psychological and sociocultural factors
Diagnosing and classifying Disorders
DSM-5
The Diagnostic Statistical Manuel (DSM) was first published in 1952 current version is the DSM-5 published in 2013
describes and provides diagnostic criteria for approximately 250 psychological disorders
RDoC
potential new system of classifying disorders using advances in neuroimaging, genetics and cognitive science
ICD-10
Prevalence and Impact
estimates may vary but it appears more than 1 in 5 adults over the age 18 in the United States suffer from a mental disorder in a given year, similar rates exist worldwide and lifetime prevalence may be as high as 36%
worldwide may people do not receive treatment, mental disorders are one of the leading causes of disability in the United States and Canada
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder
person seems to experience at least two or more distinct personalities; validity of actual disorder has been a topic of debate
causes
Cognitive and Behavioral:
trauma related thought avoidance is negatively reinforced by reduction in anxiety and emotional pain
Biological:
support for the brain activity differences in body awareness has been found in individuals with depersonalization disorder
Psychodynamic:
repressed thoughts and behavior is primary defense mechanism and reduces emotional pain
Dissociative Amnesia
One cannot remember personal information; may involve a dissociative fugue in that the person takes a sudden trip and also cannot remember the trip
Schizophrenia
a psychotic disorder involving a break with reality and disturbance in thinking, emotions, behavior and perceptions
primary symptoms are often classified as positive (in excess or in addition to normal functions) or negative ( absence or decrease in normal functions)
Hallucinations:
can occur in any sensory modality but auditory hallucinations are most common
Changes in Mood:
including the flat affect, displaying little or no emotion
Disturbed and Disorganized Thoughts:
often lacking structure or relevance, most often relayed through disorganized speech
Disorganized or Odd Behavior:
ranging from periods of immobility to odd gesturing or facial grimaces; widely excessive movement or total lack thereof is called Catatonia
Delusions:
false beliefs about the world, persecution, grandeur, and reference
causes
genetics and brain structural defects have been implicated
biological roots supported by universal lifetime prevalence across cultures of approximately 7-8 people out of 1,000, genetics are supported by twin and adoption studies
positive symptoms appear to be associated with over activity of dopamine areas if brain; negative with lower dopamine activity; related to dopamine hypothesis
Stress-Vulnerability:
suggests people with genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to environment or emotional stress at critical times in development
Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
consists of recurring anxiety-provoking thoughts or obsessions that are only relieved by ritualistic or repetitive behaviors or mental events
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
involves excessive worry about lots of things and occurs more days than not
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
/
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
caused by significant and traumatic stressors; diagnosis differs according to duration and onset of ones symptoms, including dissociation, nightmares, and reliving this event
Panic Disorder
consists of a individual having recurrent panic attacks that case ongoing worry and concern
Causes
Cognitive:
anxiety is a result of illogical, irrational thought processes
Biological:
anxiety is due to dysfunction in several neurotransmitter systems, serotonin, GABA and differences in the brain activation; panic disorders are also hereditary
Behavioral:
anxious behavioral reactions are learned
Cultural:
anxiety disorders found around the world but particular forms vary across cultures
anxiety can be free floating(non-specific, anxious in genera) or more specific in the case of a phobia
claustrophobia, acrophobia etc.
agoraphobia
social anxiety disorder
Personality Disorders
Cluster B:
very dramatic, emotional or erratic thinking and behavior
Cluster C:
predominately anxious or fearful thinking and behavior
Cluster A:
odd or eccentric thinking and behavior
Causes:
genetic factors play a role, with many showing increased rate of heritability
variances in stress tolerance and disturbances in family relationships and communication have also been linked to personality disorders
Cognitive-Behavioral:
specific behaviors learned overtime, associated with maladaptive beliefs
Eating Disorders and Sexual Disfunction
Eating Disorders:
typically female, obsessed with appearance, diet excessively, and have distorted body images; biological, psychological and culture factors are likely
Bulimia Nervosa:
involves cycles of binging and use of unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain; unlike anorexia, those with bulimia will tend to maintain a normal body weright
Binge Eating Disorder:
involves binge eating similar to bulimia but individuals do not purge afterwards; weight gain and related issues may result
Anorexia Nervosa:
is disordered eating that results in in significantly low body weight
social influence on "thinness" and fear of being fat impacts prevalence rates across various cultures
Sexual Dysfunctions
sexual dysfunctions are problems with sexual functioning or physical aspects with the sex act
causes may be organic/ worry or anxiety