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Final, Seed Plants 1: Seed Plants Without Flowers ("Gymnosperms"…

- - - - broad leaves
      - small shrubs
      - vines
      - 30 species
    - - two leaves
        
        grow perennially #
      - wide stem
      - short
      - only species
    - - leaves
        
        scale-like
        
        reduced
      - bushes
      - tough shrubs
      - 40 species
- - - - axial parenchyma
      - lacks vessels
- - - - microsporophylls
        
        microsporangia
        
        bear clusters
      - shield-shaped
      - spirally arranged
    - - pinnately compound
      - loose aggregation #
      - large
      - variable
- - - - proembryo
    - - suspensor
  - - - Seed cones
        
        axillary buds
        
        short axis
        
        cone bracts
        
        forms
        
        ovuliferous scale
        
        microscopic
        
        shoot
        
        compound cones
        
        more complex
      - Pollen cones #
        
        bears microsporophylls
        
        unbranches axis
        
        short
        
        single
        
        simple cones
    - - short shoots
        
        long needles
        
        axils
      - long shoots
        
        papery leaves
        
        tiny
    - - rays
        
        contain
        
        paremchyma
        
        ray tracheids
        
        tall
        
        thin
      - exclusively tracheids
    - - many branches
      - one main trunk
  - - - resemble
        
        fruits flowering plants
    - - lacks sieve tubes
  - - - endodermis
        
        tissue
        
        transfusion tissue
        
        transfusion tracheids
        
        transfusion parenchyma cells
      - several parallel veins
        
        scale-shaped
      - 1-2 long veins
        
        needle-shaped
        
        center
      - simple
- - - - foliage leaves
        
        bore seeds
      - similar organization
        
        large
        
        planar
        
        compound
    - - large wedges
        
        parenchyma
        
        manoxylic
        
        less dense
        
        much softer
      - very tall
      - many cells wide
    - - wide
      - longer
    - - produced
        
        phloem
        
        xylem
    - - not closely related
      - form grade
      - Upper Devonian Period
- - - - top
        
        pollen chamber
        
        microspores settled
      - surrounded
        
        layer of tissue
        
        projected upward
        
        integument
        
        permitted sperm cells
        
        large hole
        
        micropyle
      - mother cell
        
        produced
        
        three small
        
        aborted cells
        
        one large
        
        viable megaspore
      - one megaspore
    - - Chauleria
  - - - heterosporous
    - - secondary phloem
      - abundant wood
  - - - protostele
    - - large trees
      - shrubs
- - - - orders
        
        campanulids
        
        euasterids II
        
        lamiids
        
        euasterids I
    - - stamens alternate
      - few stamens
      - sympetalous flowers
    - - rosids
    - - morning glory
      - petunia
      - periwinkle
      - sunflowers
  - - - two large groups
        
        Geraniales
        
        Geranium family
        
        Vitales
        
        grape family
        
        Vitaceae
    - - malvids
        
        eurosids II
      - fabids
        
        eurosids i
  - - - large tree
        
        sandalwood incense
      - most parasitic
      - highly modified
      - small order
    - - endosperm
        
        fails growth
        
        barely develops
      - betalains
        
        water-soluble pigments
- - - - starch
        
        endosperm
        
        pollen
      - compounds
        
        ultraviolet-fluorescent
        
        hemicelluloses
      - epicuticular wax
    - - Zingiberales
        
        flowers
        
        derived features
        
        bilaterally symmetrical
        
        adjacent sepals
        
        showy
        
        large
        
        house plants
      - Poales
        
        wind pollinated
        
        food
        
        sugar cane
        
        rice
        
        corn
        
        rye
        
        oats
        
        barley
        
        wheat
        
        grass family
        
        sedges
        
        bromeliads
        
        cattails
      - Arecales
        
        3,500 species
        
        fruit
        
        dates
        
        coconuts
        
        leaves
        
        pattern
        
        palmate
        
        pinnate
        
        simple
        
        vascular bundles
        
        solitary trunk
        
        prostrate
        
        Palms
  - - - food crop
  - - - septal nectaries
      - secrete nectar
    - - septa
      - starting at bases
    - - types biology
      - species
      - families
    - - diversification
  - - - flowers
        
        colorful
        
        large
    - - derived family
  - - - xylem
      - sclerenchyma
    - - buoyancy
    - - entirely
      - partly
    - - marshes
      - swamps
- - - - vascular bundles
      - leaves
        
        reticulate venation
        
        two cotyledons
      - greater number
        
        family
        
        genera
        
        species
      - more diverse
    - - wood
      - secondary growth
      - vascular bundles
      - leaves
        
        strap shaped
        
        elongate
        
        parallel veins
- - - - arranged spirally
      - all parts
        
        carpels
        
        superior position
        
        sepals
        
        stamens
        
        petals
- - - - do not
    - - release seeds
      - break open
    - - fleshy
      - dry
  - - - single ovary
    - - nonovarian tissue
      - false fruit
    - - ovarian tissue
- - - - perigynous
        
        flowers
      - half-inferior
    - - hypogynous parts
    - - epigynous
  - - - bilaterally symmetrical
    - - regular
  - - - sepals and petals
        
        :red_cross:produce spores
    - - has both
    - - lack
        
        essentials organs
    - - critical spores
      - produce
  - - - inhibits self-pollination
- - - - entire fruit wall
    - - thin
      - tough
      - innermost layer
    - - flesh
      - middle layer
    - - peels
      - skin
      - outer layer
  - - - expand
      - mature
      - tests
    - - sparse
        
        exalbuminous
      - abundant
        
        albuminous seed
    - - hypocotyl #
        
        root
        
        shoot
      - epicotyl
        
        embryonic stem
      - radicle
        
        embryonic root
    - - eudicots
      - basal angiosperms
    - - pushes embryo
  - - - endosperm
    - - endosperm nucleus
        
        triploid
        
        large
      - fusion
        
        nuclei
    - - fusion
        
        gametes
        
        protoplasts
  - - - egg
      - two synergids
    - - three small
    - - two
    - - one large
    - - multinucleated megagametophyte
        
        embryo sac
    - - germinates
        
        produces pollen tube
      - generative cell
        
        lens-shaped
        
        small
      - vegetative cell
        
        large
  - - - lack 1-2
        
        incomplete flowers
      - all four
        
        complete flower
      - carpels
        
        three parts
        
        ovary #
        
        ovules
        
        megasporocytes
        
        enlarge
        
        central mass
        
        parenchyma
        
        nucellus
        
        small structures
        
        inside
        
        placentae
        
        megaspores produced
        
        style
        
        elevates stigma
        
        stigma
        
        catches pollen
        
        gynoecium
        
        receptacle
        
        highest level
      - stamens
        
        two parts
        
        anther
        
        pollen
        
        neighboring anters
        
        tapetum
        
        pollen produced
        
        filament
        
        stalk
        
        collective
        
        androecium
      - petals
        
        together
        
        perianth
        
        multiple
        
        corolla
      - sepals
        
        multiple sepals
        
        calyx
        
        waxiest
        
        toughest
        
        thickest
        
        enclose mature parts
        
        outermost
        
        lowermost
    - - axis
        
        receptacle
      - pedicel
  - - - heteromorphic generations
      - two generations
        
        gametophyte
        
        sporophyte
    - - female
        
        megagametophytes
        
        megaspores
      - male
        
        microgametophytes
        
        microspores
    - - new haploid cell
    - - sporophyte generation
        
        spores
        
        haploid
        
        sporophytes #
        
        meiosis
        
        organs
        
        diploid
    - - produce #
        
        meiosis
        
        gametes
        
        syngamy
        
        fertilization
        
        fused gametes
        
        eggs
        
        fertilized
        
        zygote
        
        females
        
        sperms
        
        males
        
        haploid sex cells
- - - - vining
      - large spreading
- - - - brightness
      - light intensity
- - - - CAM
  - - - Reducing agents
    - - Oxidizing agents
- - - - Stroma Reactions
        
        C3 cycle
        
        Calvin/Benson cycle
      - light-dependent reactions
        
        Photosystem 1
        
        Photosystem 2
        
        Synthesis of ATP
        
        Nature of Pigments #
        
        Accessory pigments
        
        carotenoids
        
        light-harvesting complex proteins
        
        antenna complex
        
        chlorophyll b
        
        resonance
        
        :red_cross:Chlorophyll
        
        ground state
        
        excited state
        
        action spectrum
        
        absorption spectrum
        
        Flourescence
        
        Nature of light
        
        Link Title
        
        electromagnetic radiation spectrum
- - - - cis-aconitate
        
        isocitrate
        
        alpha-ketoglutarate
        
        succinyl CoA
        
        fumarate
        
        FAD
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Spirits
  - - - ethyl alcohol
      - acetaldehyde
      - lactic acid
      - substrate-level phosphorylation
- - - - collateral
        
        xylem
        
        vascular bundle #
        
        primary xylem
        
        primary plant body
        
        pholem
        
        primary pholem
      - pith
      - interior of cortex
    - - vascular tissues
        
        xylem
        
        secondary wall
        
        border
        
        circular bordered pits
        
        reticulate thickening
        
        scalariform thickening
        
        helical thickenings
        
        annular thickenings
        
        vessel elements
        
        vessel
        
        perforation
        
        tracheids
        
        pit membrane
        
        minerals
        
        water
        
        phloem
        
        parenchyma cells
        
        sieve tube members
        
        sieve plates
        
        sieve cells
        
        albuminous cells
        
        companion cells
        
        sieve pores
        
        sieve areas
        
        minerals
        
        sugars
    - - collenchyma
      - photosynthetic parenchyma
      - simple
      - homogeneous
    - - trichomes
        
        hairs
        
        immobile air
        
        diffusion
        
        shade tissues
        
        :no_entry:animal to land on
        
        :no_entry:animal to chew
        
        :no_entry:animal to walk on
      - stoma
        
        Stomatal pore
        
        daytime
        
        :check:carbon dioxide
        
        guard cells
        
        swell
        
        absorb water
        
        more extensible
        
        weaker
        
        radial arrangement
      - cutin
        
        :no_entry:carbon dioxide
        
        cuticle
        
        wax
        
        impermeable
        
        fatty substance
        
        encrusts tangential walls
      - single layer
      - outermost surface
- - - - main shoot
        
        plant :check:brighter light
    - - thick, fleshy leaves
      - short
    - - vertical
      - thin, papery leaves
  - - - one leaf
    - - two leaves
    - - three leaves
  - - - branch
    - - group of flowers
      - flower
- - - - conduction
      - emerging lateral vein
        
        minor veins
        
        sugar to phloem
        
        release water
  - - - CO2 diffusion
    - - thick layer
      - dissolution of CO2
      - surface exposed
      - main photosynthetic tissue
  - - - water loss
- - - - stretched
- - - - cylinder
- - - - epidermal cells
- - - - absorptive capacities
      - transport capacities
    - - monocots
      - eudicots
- - - - phellem cell
- - - - lighter wood
      - moister outer region
    - - dark wood
  - - - lower vessels
    - - wide tracheids
        
        conifers
      - wide vessels
  - - - degenerate quickly
      - protoplasts
      - circular bordered pits
      - secondary cell walls
      - rectangular cells
      - horizontal cells
    - - upright cells
      - procumbent cells
    - - balsa
      - basal angiosperms
      - eudicots #
    - - parenchyma
      - sclereids
      - fibers
      - tracheids
      - vessel elements
- - - - irregular
      - no horizontal pattern
    - - regular horizontal rows
  - - - two elongated cells
        
        continues fusiform initial
        
        differentiates
        
        secondary xylem
        
        secondary phloem #
  - - - secondary plant body
- - - - add solutes = decrease
- - - - embolism
      - cavitation
      - transcuticular transpiration
      - transstomatal transpiration
      - cohesion-tension hypothesis
    - - adhesive
      - cohesive
  - - - polymer
      - uninjured phloem
    - - too large
    - - fine network
    - - receive sap
    - - cross-sectional area
    - - other nutrients
      - sugars
      - amount per hour
    - - sieve elements
    - - water
      - nutrients #
  - - - inner surface
        
        ridge-like
        
        outgrowths
      - outer surface
        
        smooth
    - - adjust
        
        water potential
        
        turgidity
      - acculumate potassium
      - expel potassium
      - joints
    - - opening/closing
    - - wall
        
        nonglandular regions
      - intercellular spaces
        
        glands
    - - continuous mass
    - - hormones
      - water
      - minerals
      - sugars
- - - - transpiration
  - - - organic chemicals
      - dissolved minerals
    - - fresh water
    - - clear
      - cleans
      - pure
    - - fresh water
- - - - intracellular transport
      - ATP :check:
        
        active transport
    - - lipid/protein cell membranes
      - certain substances
    - - all solutes diffuse
      - low significance
    - - isolation barriers
      - :no_entry:pass through
  - - - aquaporins
        
        more rapid
      - passes all membranes
    - - special protein channels
    - - diffuse easy
- - - - centimorgan
      - parental type chromosomes
      - recombinant chromosomes
      - linked
        
        two genes
    - - independent assortment
  - - - arrangement
    - - fertilize own eggs #
  - - - two different alleles
    - - two identical alleles
      - parents
    - - first filial generation
        
        F2 generation
    - - single character
        
        studied
        
        analyzed
- - - - ovule parent
- - - - single DNA double helix
        
        replication initiated
        
        ligated
        
        replication fork
    - - one old nucleotide
      - one new nucleotide
    - - 10 nucleotides long
    - - small bubble
        
        replicon
- - - - decrease plant species
  - - - not welcome
      - increase
    - - restricted by other
    - - shared resource
  - - - four predictions
        
        prey most energy
        
        dependent on other plants
        
        broadening diet
        
        certain items ate
    - - understanding herbivores
        
        eat certain plants
  - - - allowed to harvest
        
        no effort limit
        
        no time limit
    - - amount
        
        particular effort
        
        can be harvested
      - population health determined
        
        population sparse
        
        harvest poor
        
        population healthy
        
        harvest abundant
      - alternative
    - - species stable
      - keep population density
      - harvest just enough
        
        species
    - - improving conditions
        
        for prey
      - habitat is improved
      - important factor
    - - population stability
    - - handling time
        
        amount of time
        
        consume the prey
        
        functional response
      - feeding rate
        
        prey-dependent
        
        more prey available
        
        faster rate
        
        how quickly
        
        find new prey
        
        functional response
- - - - flourishes temporarily
      - new patches
      - survives by colonization
    - - low quality patch
    - - high quality patch
    - - probability of extinction
      - empty patches
        
        become colonized
      - patches
        
        some occupied
        
        others not occupied
      - composed of patches
      - gene flow
      - several populations
      - interconnected by migration
  - - - absence
      - presence
    - - map
    - - network relationships
    - - consumption #
      - direct line
- - - - newly created
      - organisms established
    - - habitat
      - small area
    - - other not benefitted
      - other not harmed
  - - - both benefit
      - two organisms interact
- - - - plot #
      - abundance class
      - number of species
    - - gamma diversity
        
        number of species
        
        specific region
      - beta diversity
        
        comparisons
        
        larger community studied
        
        small vs. large
      - alpha diversity
        
        number at site
    - - constants discovered
      - area
      - number of species
    - - larger areas
        
        more diverse
      - smaller areas
        
        less diverse
- - - - Psilotum
        
        upright stems
        
        branch dichotomously
      - vascular plants
      - simplest
    - - leptosporangia
        
        single surface cell
        
        outward protrusion
        
        divides periclinally
      - eusporangium
        
        surface cells
        
        multilayered plates
        
        periclinical division #
    - - single axis
        
        node
        
        leaf trace #
        
        leaf gap
        
        diverges
        
        megaphyllous leaves
        
        underside
        
        meiosis occurs
        
        sori
        
        true roots
        
        vertical shoot
        
        horizontal rhizome
    - - lakesides
      - shady forests
      - moist
    - - first appeared
  - - - true roots
      - true leaves
      - lateral branches
      - main trunk
    - - umbrella-shaped
    - - 15
        
        horsetail
        
        scouring rushes
  - - - lignophytes
        
        woody plants
      - monilophytes
        
        ferns
    - - 30-kilobase inversion
        
        DNA
      - megaphylls
      - roots
        
        exarch xylem
  - - - sporophyll
        
        leaf-like structure
        
        sporangium-bearing
      - megaphylls
        
        monophyletic clade
        
        euphyllophytes
        
        telome theory
      - enations/microphylls
      - gametophytes
        
        non vascular plants
  - - - main
      - single trunk
    - - unequal branching
        
        stem more vigorous
- - - - ancient
      - simple structures
      - upper surfaces
      - tissue #
      - small flap
- - - - increased surface area
      - thin scales
      - small-long
  - - - siphonostele
        
        seed plants
        
        pith
        
        center
        
        later evolved
      - exarch protostele
        
        protoxylem
        
        edges
        
        metaxylem
        
        center
      - endarch protostele
        
        metaxylem
        
        outer edge
        
        protozylem
        
        center
      - protostele
        
        no pith
        
        center
        
        solid mass xylem
    - - terminal sporangia
      - upright naked stems
      - prostrate rhizome
      - early vascular plants
    - - homosporous
      - cuticle
      - epidermis
      - vigor
      - same size
- - - - lack of free oxygen
      - No limits
    - - UV radiation
      - Gamma radiation
    - - reducing atmosphere
      - second atmosphere
- - - - founder
    - - hybrid inviability
      - hybrid sterility
      - postzygotic internal isolation barriers
      - prezygotic isolation mechanisms
      - sympatric speciation
      - effective barriers
        
        fragrance
        
        shape
        
        flower color
      - :red_cross:successful gene flow
    - - cannot interbreed
        
        geographic speciation
        
        allopatric
      - physical, nonliving feature
        
        :red_cross:gene exchanging
  - - - dispersal mechanisms
        
        stick to fur
        
        stream flow
        
        floods
        
        wind
    - - rapid allele movement
      - travel great distances
      - alleles present
      - one haploid genome
- - - - does not include
        
        voluntary decision making
        
        purpose
        
        planning
        
        intention
    - - survival of the fittest
        
        less adapted
        
        do not survive
        
        more adapted
        
        survive
      - most significant
    - - humans change alleles
        
        selective breeding
    - - organisms cannot adapt
    - - population size
      - genomes
        
        new alleles
        
        increase frequency
        
        existing alleles
        
        decrease frequency
- - - - all energy input
      - dominant method
    - - Decomposers
        
        bacteria
        
        fungi #
      - Omnivores
        
        both trophic levels
      - bring energy into
      - autotrophs
        
        food supply
        
        herbivores
        
        preyed on
        
        carnivores #
        
        secondary consumers
        
        secondary producers
        
        primary consumers
        
        primary producers
      - members
  - - - species tolerance
        
        narrow
        
        broad
      - soil
        
        poor
        
        rich
      - climate
        
        stressful
        
        mild
  - - - time
        
        longer
        
        decades
        
        seasons
        
        short
        
        day
      - changes #
  - - - plants survive
      - system
- - - - r- and K- Selection
        
        K-Selection
        
        K-selected species
        
        long-lived conifers
        
        sites filled
        
        r- selection
        
        r-selected species
        
        shrubby perennials
        
        annuals
        
        produced by disturbance
      - two factors
        
        intrinsic rate
        
        carrying capactiy
        
        particular ecosystem
        
        number of individuals
        
        K
        
        measured
        
        under ideal conditions
        
        number of offspring
        
        biotic potential
        
        generation time
        
        affects rapidity
        
        birth of self
        
        birth first offspring
  - - - three types #
        
        random distribution
        
        no predictive value
        
        no identifiable pattern
        
        uniform distribution
        
        chemicals
        
        allelopathy
        
        allelochemics
        
        not common
        
        evenly spaced
        
        occur
        
        tree plantations
        
        orchards
        
        clumped distribution
        
        spacing
        
        rarely average
        
        large
        
        small
    - - Limiting factor #
        
        any ecosystem factor
        
        plant's interaction
        
        all aspects
- - - - Predation
        
        pathogenic
        
        virulent
        
        kills plant quickly
        
        mild disease
        
        other harmed
        
        one benefits
        
        herbivores #
        
        process
        
        grazing
        
        browsing
        
        herbivory
        
        eat plants
      - Commensal relationships
        
        common
        
        animals
        
        plants
        
        other unaffected
        
        one benefits
      - Mutualism
        
        seed dispersal
        
        frugivores
    - - niche
        
        certain adaptations
        
        particular conditions
      - competition
        
        competitive exclusion
        
        less adaptive species
        
        superior competitors
        
        excluded
        
        limited resources
        
        two populations
        
        :red_cross:grow well together
        
        disadvantageous
      - mutualism #
        
        beneficial for both
      - possibility for interaction
    - - modifies the habitat
        
        neutral
        
        detrimental
        
        beneficial
  - - - A horizon
        
        zone of leaching
        
        breaks down
        
        B horizon
        
        Below
        
        C Horizon
        
        1 more item...
        
        rick in nutrients
        
        contains
        
        2 more items...
        
        materials accumulate
        
        zone of deposition
        
        debris
        
        litter
        
        uppermost
      - Pioneers
        
        tolerate severe conditions
        
        new soil
        
        first plants
      - initially
        
        virtually identical
        
        thin
      - formed by
        
        breakdown rock
    - - tolerance range
        
        vary with species
      - increased water
        
        increased reproduction
        
        increased growth
  - - - Biotic
        
        living factors
        
        prokaryotes
        
        protists
        
        fungi
        
        animal species #
        
        other plant species
        
        plant itself
      - Abiotic
        
        physical phenomena
        
        climate
        
        disturbances
        
        fires
        
        avalanches
        
        floods
        
        soil
        
        altitude
        
        latitide
        
        nonliving
- - - - center
        
        thicker
      - thin
        
        edges
  - - - moist soil
- - - - spring-shaped walls
      - elongate cells
      - single
  - - - apex
        
        radiating fingers
      - stalked
    - - stalk
        
        mm high
      - outgrowth
      - umbrella-shaped
    - - cannot be closed
      - no guard cells #
      - not stomata
    - - body without
        
        leaves
        
        stems
        
        roots
    - - thallose liverworts
      - leafy liverworts
- - - - derived archegonium
      - layer of cells
      - cover apex sporangium
    - - complex teeth
    - - cells torn apart
      - separates
    - - narrow stalk
    - - apical sporangium
      - simple
    - - absorbs
        
        water
        
        minerals
        
        sugars
      - bulbous tissue
      - small
  - - - antheridia
        
        inner mass
        
        cells
        
        outermost layer
        
        sterile cells
        
        short stalk
    - - entire system
        
        protonema
      - gametophore growth
        
        begins
        
        spore
        
        sends chlorophyllous cell
        
        produces branched system
        
        mitosis
        
        germinates
    - - stem
        
        rhizoids
        
        lack cytoplasm
        
        reddish walls
        
        anchor stem
        
        multicellular
        
        small
        
        found at base
      - hydroids
        
        leptoids
        
        elongate
        
        prominent interconnections
        
        resemble sieve cells
        
        cells
        
        dissolve minerals
        
        conduct water
        
        composed of cells
        
        elongated
        
        end walls
        
        not removed entirely
        
        partially digested
        
        lose their cytoplasm
        
        innermost cortex
    - - Gametophores
        
        other species
        
        more loose
        
        more open
        
        cool wet areas
        
        grow
        
        apical meristem
        
        contains
        
        prominent apical cell
        
        forming
        
        dense mounds
        
        tightly appressed
        
        close together
        
        moss plants
        
        leafy stems