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Botany, Transport Processes (Long-Distance Transport (sinks (sites that…

- - - - energy of ATP to force molecules across membrane
  - - - protein channels
    - - deferentially or selective permeable
        
        all lipid/protein cell
        
        only allow certain substances to pass through
      - completely impermeable
        
        occur as isolation barriers
        
        do NOT allow anything to pass through
      - freely permeable
        
        little biological significance
        
        allow all solutes to diffuse through them
- - - - when a plant uses own pollen to fertilize its own egg
- - - - much longer and carries genes
      - like an insertion
    - - few thousand base pairs long
- - - - AKA midvein
  - - - open, loose aerenchyma that permits CO2
      - lower portion of leaf
    - - layer of cells on upper surface of leaves
  - - - trichomes
      - guards cells
    - - loss of water
- - - - leaflets attach individually along rachis
    - - all leaflets are attached at the same point
    - - attaches leaflet to compound leaf
    - - small blades
- - - - main use is storing nutrients
      - grow only for a short period
    - - fleshy horizontal stems that allow plants to spread underground
  - - - protect delicate organs inside
      - modified leaves
      - waxy
- - - - Vessel Elements
        
        exclusively in flowering plants
        
        dead at maturity #
        
        short/wide w/perpendicular end walls
      - Tracheids
        
        found in ALL vascular plants
        
        dead at maturity
        
        long/narrow w/ tapered ends
    - - Fibers
        
        involved in storage
      - Sclereids
        
        more or less isodiametric
        
        dead at maturity
- - - - capable of large-scale pumping
      - mediate short distance transport by plasma membrane
    - - metabolically changes sugar and minerals
      - elevated amounts of dictytosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
      - secrete nectar, fragrances, and oils
    - - thin walls allow CO2 to pass through
      - involved in photosynthesis
- - - - outgrowths
  - - - pith is present in the center
    - - protoxylem on the edges
      - metaxylem located at the center
    - - metaxylem differentiates on the outer edge
      - protoxylem is located in the center
    - - solid mass xylem with no pith
  - - - both branches being equal size and vigor
- - - - Organisms other than plants
        
        pathogenic
        
        fungi and bacteria
        
        grazing
        
        eating herbs
        
        browsing
        
        eating twigs and leaves of shrubs
        
        herbivores
        
        animals that eat plants
        
        predation
        
        one specie benefits the other is harmed
        
        commensal relationships
        
        one specie benefits and the other is unaffected between plants and animals
        
        frugivores
        
        seed dispersal by fruit-eating animals
      - Other plant species
        
        common garden
        
        transplanted plants grown at one site
        
        transplant experiments
        
        plants are transplanted to alternate sites
        
        test whether ecotypes really existed #
        
        ecotypes
        
        various subpopulations
        
        niche
        
        adapted to a particular set of conditions
        
        competitive exclusive
        
        species less adapted is excluded from the ecosystem
        
        competition
        
        interaction between organisms is dangerous
        
        mutualism
        
        interaction beneficial for both organisms
      - Plant Itself
      - living factors
    - - Soil
        
        horizon
        
        C horizon
        
        composed mostly of parent rock and rock fragments
        
        B horizon
        
        zone of deposition
        
        uppermost zone of leaching
        
        pioneers
        
        first plants to invade a new soil
      - Climate
        
        tolerance range
        
        between low and high extremes of organism
      - nonliving, physical phenomena
- - - - produced by release of gases from the rock matrix composing Earth
- - - - adaptive radiation #
        
        genetic drift
        
        gene pool can change quick and erratically
        
        founder individuals
        
        initial gene pool is small
        
        all offspring
        
        species rapidly diverge into many new species in short time
      - biological reproductive barrier
        
        hybird inviability
        
        zygote or embryo dies in early development
        
        hybird sterility
        
        two populations occasionally interbreed or are artificially cross-pollinated
        
        postzygotic internal isolation barriers
        
        genomes are too different
        
        prezygotic isolation mechanism
        
        act before a zygote can be formed
        
        sympatric speciation
        
        two groups become reproductively isolated even though they grow together
        
        biological phenomenon that prevents successful gene flow
      - abiological reproductive barrier
        
        allopatric
        
        divided into two or more populations cannot interbreed
        
        geographic speciation
        
        nonliving feature that prevents two populations from exchanging genes
  - - - pollen transfer, seed dispersal, and vegetative propagation
      - movement of alleles physically through space
- - - - Eggs here
    - - Sperm cells produced
  - - - DO NOT absorb water/minerals
      - anchor the stem
      - base of stem
    - - cells that resemble sieve cells
    - - innermost cortex
  - - - layer of cells derived from the neck of the archegonium
    - - respond to humidity
    - - seperates from the rest of the sporangium
    - - narrow stalk between Foot and Capsule
    - - simple apical sporangium
    - - small, bulbous tissue
  - - - grow from apical meristems
      - leafy stems
- - - - single, elongated cells w/ spring shaped walls
  - - - radiating fingers that project outward and droop downwards
    - - umbrella-shaped growth
    - - large air chambers
      - no guard cells, cannot close
- - - - Open areas that secrete nectar
    - - carpels fuse side by side
  - - - have a unique type of epicuticular wax
- - - - Flowers are bilaterally symmetrical not radially
    - - Sympetally
    - - Pistil
  - - - one of 1st evolutionary transformation
- - - - All parts are arranged spirally (generalized)
- - - - Dibiontic Life Cycle
    - - then cells divide once into a 3rd sheet
      - cells divide in 2 directions
    - - monobiontic life cycle
    - - zygote divides
    - - plasmogamy
      - anterior flagella
      - chlorophyll A & B
  - - - involves only one free-living generations
  - - - giant multinucleate cells result
      - karyokineis occurs without cytokinesis
    - - bulky, three dimensional
      - cell division occurs in 3 planes
    - - new walls occur in only 2 planes
    - - cells divide transversely
      - cells held tightly by a lamella
    - - loosely adhered cells
    - - cells have no flagella
    - - all cells are similar; none specialized
- - - - Plastids
      - Flagella & Cillia
        
        9+2 arrangement of microtubules
      - endomembrane system
        
        vesicles
        
        vacuoles
        
        endoplasmic reticulum
        
        dictysomes
      - mitochondria
      - nuclei
- - - - species with vessels restricted to early wood
    - - Marks 1 year of growth
      - early wood and late wood together to form a ring
    - - lower proportion of vessels
    - - high portion of wide vessels
      - first wood formed
  - - - horizontal, rectangular cells with secondary walls
    - - Procumbent Cells
      - Upright Cells
- - - - Grouped together in short vertical rows
      - Mostly storage parenchyma and albuminous cells
      - Periclinal Walls #
      - short and cudobial cells
    - - Periclinal Walls
        
        longitudinal division parallel to the circumference of the cambium
      - Anticlinal Walls
        
        longitudinal division perpendicular to the cambium's surface
      - long, tapered cells; typical length almost 1 cm
  - - - Irregular horizontal rows
    - - Regular horizontal rows
    - - Many cells wide
    - - Two cells wide
    - - One cell wide
- - - - stomata remain closed during day
  - - - minimizes water loss
      - reduced external surface area
    - - inefficient in water conservatioin
      - sufficient in absorbing CO2
  - - - duration
        
        of hours per day sunlight is available
      - quantity
        
        light intensity
      - quality
        
        color or wavelengths
- - - - converted to ADP by metabolic reactions
    - - carries high energy phosphate bonds
    - - 3 methods to converted to ATP
        
        oxidative phosphorylation
        
        occurs all the time in all parts of the plant
        
        last state of respiration
        
        substrate-level phosphorylation
        
        occurs all the time, in all parts of the plant
        
        high energy phosphate group force phosphate on ADP
        
        photophosphorylation
        
        plants: light energy from photosynthesis
        
        occurs in chloroplasts
        
        animals: light energy from food
  - - - proteins that contain an iron atom
      - carry electrons to close sites within membrane
      - part of chlorplast's thylakoid membrane
      - intrinsic membrane proteins
    - - protein that carries electrons on a copper atom
    - - hydrophobic
      - transport short distances
  - - - tendency to accept or donate electrons varies
    - - oxidizing agents
        
        oxdize material they react with
        
        NADP+
        
        NAD+
      - atoms do NOT carry max electons
    - - contain great amount of hydrogen
    - - reduces + charge on an atom
    - - often contain a great amount of oxygen
    - - reducing agents
        
        NADPH
        
        NADH
        
        place electrons onto other molecules
      - increases + charge on an atom
- - - - Photosystem II
        
        P680
      - Photosystem I
        
        P700
    - - chlorophyll a
        
        peak absorbance 430 nm & 660 nm
        
        main photosynthetic pigment
      - light
        
        refracted
        
        reflected
        
        absorbed
    - - photons
        
        radiation as a set of waves
      - quanta
        
        radiation in set of particles
- - - - mass of parenchyma
  - - - region that bares ovules
    - - ovary
        
        where megaspores are produced
      - style
        
        elevates the stigma
      - stigma
        
        catches pollen grains
    - - highest level on receptacle
  - - - anther
        
        pollen is produced
      - filament
        
        stalk
    - - all stamens
  - - - all petals together
  - - - all sepals together
- - - - diploid
  - - - megagametes
      - females
    - - microgametes
      - males
- - - - a large spreading or vining plant grows meters long
- - - - hyphae penetrate the root cortex as far as the endodermis
    - - fungal hypae penetrate between outtermost root cortex
- - - - parachyma differentiates into root cortex
      - older, larger cells turn into metaxylem and metaphloem
      - Provascular tissue cells turn to primary xylem and phloem
      - Protoderm differentiate into epidermis cells
  - - - powerful absorption and build of water pressure
    - - cells that have only Casparian Strips
  - - - Casparian strips # #
        
        bands of altered walls
        
        involved in controlling the types of minerals that enter water stream
      - radial walls
        
        encrusted w/ lignin and suberin, making waterproof
        
        top, bottom, and side walls
      - tangetial walls
        
        closest to the vascular tissue or cortex
      - cylinder inner layer of cortical cells
    - - increases absorption
  - - - cells more resistant to harmful agents
      - mitotically inactive central region
- - - - epidermal cells extend out as trichomes
    - - cells undergo division & expansion
      - few millimeters long
    - - complex polysaccharide
      - secreted from dictysomes of root cap cells
    - - protects Apical Meristem
  - - - adventitous roots
        
        increase absorptive and transport capacities
    - - taproot development
      - embryonic root
    - - come out of taproot