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IDENTITY plans (ethnic (significant (Media play big part in strengthening…
IDENTITY plans
ethnic
significant
Media play big part in strengthening of Muslim identity as they engineer and promote Islamophobia. Cohen would argue this has led to a stigmatised Muslim identity. Digital revolution also strengthened it as ISIS are able to spread propaganda. Evidence Asian youth are adhering more to traditional values.
Modood 67% of Asian youth view religion as important. Religion very important in socialisation of minority ethnic groups and in influencing many other aspects of identity and maintaining links with motherland. Ethnic minorities use this to resist devaluing of culture by racists.
Ghumann found Asian children were socialised into traditional values such as religion, family, etc. Strong family structure and close communities mean more pressure to conform to norms/values. Mother tongue important, children often bilingual.
changing
Intersectionality - gender/ethnicity. Butler study of young Muslim women in UK showed they wanted more independence. Suggests Muslim identity becoming less significant and influence of the feminist movement playing a key role in changing not only gender identity but also ethnic identity,
(SC, ethnicity, nationality) Postmodernism: no longer important. Polhemus supermarket of style. Consumer culture more significant in shaping identity. Pick and mix culture, can construct own identity.
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gender
male
changing
Range of identities available today. Complicit Masculinity allows for more caring, emotional role. Acceptance of stay-at-home dad. Men no longer sole breadwinner. Links to idea of 'New Man'
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Male identity often seen as breadwinner, tough, etc. Changing now. Mac and Ghail three Fs, crisis of masculinity, increased unemployment and women going to work means men lose traditional status. Therefore adopt a hyper-masculine identity.
significant
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Oakley - children still socialised into different roles. Education: hidden curriculum generally steers females towards the humanities and males towards maths/physics, etc. Boys four times more likely to do physics than girls at A Level (2018)
Hegemonic masculinity. Male supremacy, heterosexuality, macho and sexist.
female
changing
Traditional idea of women as passive no longer significant. Blackman New Wave Girls, anti-school female subculture challenging male culture and sexism, empowering women with assertive femininity. Jackson Ladettes, girls behaving in a 'laddish' way.
Virtual communities allow people to take on whatever identity they like. Tom Boellstorff Second Life
Intersectionality - gender/ethnicity. Butler study of young Muslim women in UK showed they wanted more independence. Suggests Muslim identity becoming less significant and influence of the feminist movement playing a key role in changing not only gender identity but also ethnic identity, Sharpe 'Just Like a Girl' showed girls attitudes changing from 70s to 90s, more assertive and less focused on marriage, more interested in career.
significant
Oakley family still socialise girls into expressive roles. Girls toys and boys toys still split. Parsons argued girls naturally suited to this role
Male gaze (Mulvey) still shown in media. Both males and females see females through the male gaze. Causes anxiety about body image. Fat-shaming and eating disorders.
Women still experience sexism in many places around the world. A long way from a shift in traditional femininity. Laura Bates Everday Sexism Project shows evidence of sexism experienced by women in everyday life.
national
significant
Stuart Hall cultural defence. E.g. Great Firewall of China and UK Government introduced a citizenship test before someone can get a passport.
Scottish and Welsh now less likely to identify as British. In 2014 45% of Scots voted for independence from Britain. Survey found that Welsh identify as Welsh first and foremost.
Brexit. Curtice and Heath 17% view themselves as English not British. Often have traditional attitudes and are anti-immigration and anti-European.
changing
Removing of national boundaries. McLuhan global village. British identity likely to be shaped by global influences. Pure Britishness no longer exists.
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(SC, ethnicity, nationality) Postmodernism: idea of national identity outdated, we are all global citizens. Polhemus supermarket of style
disabled
significant
Shakespeare people are disabled by society, not their disability. Negative attitudes and social barriers such as lack of disabled access exclude them from society.
Media represents disabled people as not being sexual, unable to contribute to society, can't speak for themselves. Creates negative image. Televised charity events reinforce stigma.
Social model argues people assume a disabled persons identity is shaped by their disability. Master status. Labelling theory. Learned helplessness.
changing
Legal protection Equality Act 2010 addresses issue of social barriers e.g. employers. Illegal to discriminate.
Increased prominence of disabled people in medias and sport e.g. Paralympics, Invictus Games. Disabled people resist negative labels.
Virtual communities allow people to take on whatever identity they like. Tom Boellstorff Second Life
age
significant
Teenager is a post-war construction. Used as Cohen folk devils by the media. Moral panic recently created around 'hoodies'. Teens feared. Labelling theory, Becker.
Age identity socially constructed. Aries invention of childhood, differs between different cultures. Hamar tribe cow-jumping used in initiation ceremonies to welcome children into adulthood.
Changes in age identity for elderly are limited by social class and gender. 13% of UK pensioners in poverty, less able to participate in active ageing. Females under more pressure to look young and aging is viewed negatively.
changing
Disappearance of youth culture - Maffesoli youth culture replaced by neo-tribes. Postmodernism. Mix and match.
Elderly traditionally viewed as wise and respected. In UK society Hockey and James use term 'infantilism' to describe treatment of elderly. Work gives status in industrial societies.
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sexual
significant
Label impacts identity not sexuality itself. McIntosh particular characteristics of gay men e.g. high voice, emotional. Labelling theory. Gareth Thomas Welsh rugby legend challenge to stereotype
Being gay illegal until 1967 in UK. Still immoral to many religious groups Brunei still stoning gay people in 2019. Stonewall report 1 in 5 LGBT workers experience verbal bullying from customers and colleagues.
Heterosexuality seen as normal in Britain. Weeks homosexuality has much bigger impact on identity than heterosexuality.
changing
Virtual communities allow people to take on whatever identity they like. Tom Boellstorff Second Life
Decline of religion and Britain becoming more secular, rise in equality movements and acceptance. National Secular Society reported 46% rise in people saying they are non-religious in seven yrs.
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social class
significant
Changes in age identity for elderly are limited by social class and gender. 13% of UK pensioners in poverty, less able to participate in active ageing. Excluded from society
Upper class Mackintosh operate social closure and do activities not available to the masses e.g. hunting. Bourdieu, high cultural, social and economic capital
New female identity reserved for more affluent as women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds still at higher risk of early motherhood and social/economic exclusion. Study found young women from disadvantaged backgrounds thought 17-25 was a good age to start a family whereas those form advantaged backgrounds thought late 20s at least.
Middle class Tony Blair 'We are all middle class now'. Value education, deferred gratification
changing
Functionalists - we live in a meritocracy where class doesn't matter, hard work is important.
Virtual communities allow people to take on whatever identity they like. Tom Boellstorff Second Life
(SC, ethnicity, nationality) Postmodernism: we are all global citizens. Polhemus supermarket of style. Pick and mix culture. Consumer culture and brands more significant in shaping identity.
hybrid
significant increase
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Postmodernism pick and mix. Polhemus. Increase in choice, people mix and match whatever they like
Globalisation, McLuhan. Breaking down of barriers.
not significant increase
Media play big part in strengthening of Muslim identity as they engineer and promote Islamophobia. Cohen would argue this has led to a stigmatised Muslim identity. Digital revolution also strengthened it as ISIS are able to spread propaganda. Evidence Asian youth are adhering more to traditional values
Scottish and Welsh now less likely to identify as British. In 2014 45% of Scots voted for independence from Britain. Survey found that Welsh identify as Welsh first and foremost.
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