Muslim Leaders
Before Zengi
Zengi
Nureddin
Saladin
After Saladin
Rise of Zengi
How good was he?
Actions against crusader states
Why was he able to take Edessa?
Role of Jihad
yes
no
brutality
good
bad
Muslim Unity
good
bad
agreement with crusader states
Long term Weaknesses of Edessa
Rise of Muslim strength and unity
Frankish weaknesses
yes
no
Rise of Nureddin
actions against crusader states
agreement with crusader states
Muslim Unity
Jihad rhetoric
Military expertise
yes
Harim 1164
Rise of Saladin
Melisende and Baldwin in Feud of Jerusalem
Melisende sends troops but they don't arrive in time
Means not a united front against Muslim foreces
Lack of Armenian troops
Franks ruled from Castles so not near the Armenian countryside
Armenians, the majority of the force, suffered from constant turkish invasions
lack of manpower
spent 26 years trying to take damascus instead of attacking crusader states
Turcoman and Kurdish troops join him voluntarily
Surrounded himself w/ religious ppl
his Jihadi rhetoric convinced them
didn't unite with Egypt
not good Mujahid
regularly consumed alcohol
swore on Qur'an that he would not harm citizens of Balbeck when he took it and then massacres them
attacked Muslim neighbours
spent 26 years trying to get Damascus
Damascus
1135: ruler of damascus asked for Zengi's help b/c his ppl were trying to overthrow him
no
opportunistic attack
Joscelin was away
Zengi took advantage of this and weakness of the garrison
yes
geographically
a lot of its border was surrounded by Muslim enemies
Furthest away from Jerusalem
sultanate of Rum quite nearby
not much military help
Tughtegin died in 1128
created power vacuum threatening to open Syria to threat of Frankish invasion
Baalbek 1139
He swore on Qur'an he wouldn't harm citizens and then massacred them
seen as a tyrant and untrustworthy
Meant that he was powerful because people feared him
in army would crucify someone if they trampled on crops = good discipline
Possessed a lot of land by 1146
Mosul, Aleppo and Edessa to the North of crusader states
united force meant could get resources a lot of places
sunni-Shi'ah split
Egypt ruled by Fatimids
1127: Became atabeg of Mosul
1128: took aleppo
religious advisors and civil servants
first to form alliance between religion and the battlefield
ruler was killed + Damascus allied with Franks against zengi
Damascus
1137 allied with Franks because fear that Zengi would take over
May 1138: Zengi married the heiress of Damascus
1137: reaction to frankish alliance with Damascus against him
Besieged frankish fortress of Bar'in and defeated Franks
1137: Barin
allowed Fulk to flee with surviving troops
then made peace with Damascus
1139: Zengi marched to besiege Damascus
Damascenes allied with Franks
Zengi failed in the siege
never actually took damascus
No Jihad before then
1098: massacre at Marrat and Jerusalem
wanted to call for Jihad but only the Caliph in Baghdad can do so and he refused
144: takes edessa
1146: dies
1104: important port Acre was taken
Al-Sulami preaches Jihad but nothing done
not always brutal
1137: Allows Fulk to flee Barin with his surviving troops
1136: takes Marrat
gives it to original heirs who had become refugees = generous
not at forefront of cause yet
not as good at it as other leaders
doesn't fully come into battle field yet - spends a lot of time fighting against Muslims in Damascus (mostly diplomacy)
inherits it from his stepfather Kerbogha
lack of manpower
lack of religious significance
not a pentarchy city like Jerusalem
would impact motivations for second crusade
only major impact was on Edessa
let Fulk go in 1137 at Barin
Birth father was the governor and the sultan gave it to him because of his help against the rebel caliph
Promoted Jihad
Personal piety
organised public readings in mosques
emphasised virtue of Jerusalem
Won over sympathy of Muslim public
Built public buildings such as religious houses, madrasas, hospitals
virtue of poverty
wore plain clothes
abolished taxes
went on pilgrimage in 1162 (after fell ill?)
renounced alcohol (comparison to Zengi)
not Jihadi rhetoric
Egypt
did fight to gain egypt = not really muslim unity because had to fight against Shawar
didn't like Saladin = sometimes didn't unite with him because worried he would get too powerful
actually planned an attack on Egypt against Saladin but died beforehand
May have just been power hungry
Egypt has a lot of economic value
Encircling Outremer with egypt meant that it would be easier to defeat them and gain their land
Egypt
Syria
adult caliph died in 1149 leading to a series of child caliphs
meant that Shawar was vying for power vs Shirkuh
confrontations between the two sides = 1167 inconclusive victory
Shawar in power but couldn't pay tribute to franks and was not popular
Shirkuh entered Cairo 1169: died the same year
Damascus
1149 Unur of Damascus died and the new leader Abaq was not popular
Nureddin blockaded city
people didn't like the alliance with Jerusalem
Abaq became even less popular and fled to the citadel
Nureddin entered the city peacefully with gifts of food 1154
he inherited Aleppo
brother got Mosul - no longer united
Was quick to take Edessa after death of Zengi
when brother died, leader of Mosul recognised Nureddin as overlord
Battle of Inab 1149
defeated Raymond of Poitiers
pushed Antioch's eastern border closer to the city
Capture Apamea
Amalric launced attack on Egypt = opportunity
besieged fortress
because of success of Al-Buqaia Reginald (w/ Raymond, Bohemond and Joscelin) recklessly charged = massacre
truces
Raymond of Tripoli
no
Al-Buqaia
Muslim Unity
Actions against Franks
Bad
good
truces with franks
Third crusade
took Jerusalem
Jihadi rhetoric
Egypt
gained it by playing Nureddin against Fatimids
e.g. added Nureddin's name in friday prayers because of tensions between them
Able to defeat the opposition e.g. are pro Nureddin turk by gaining support of Military
Placed family and trusted ones in places of power
Father in control of treasuries of damietta and Alexandria
more control meant he could remove fatimid caliph from friday prayers and add Baghdad instead
Damascus
death of Nureddin meant that his 11 year old son was in charge
Sayf ad din (not first one) took Aleppo and Damascus by overthrowing their leaders
Saladin used Jihadi rhetoric to criticise him
Damascus welcomed him with open arms and in 1174 he entered as governor
Aleppo and Mosul
attacked Saladin in 1175 at Hama
Saladin defeated them
attacked again and were defeated meant Aleppo surrendered
1181: When Saif ad-Din died he took Aleppo
By 1181 had united Aleppo, Damascus and Egypt at least
could use resources from there
no longer sunni-shiah split
personal piety
Presented by Muslim scholars as a model Muslim and a champion of the faith
against franks
see other branch
refused to ally with them
had himself put on gold coins with the titles "The sultan of Islam"
victory at Hattin
No
war with nubian palace guard early on in reign
battle of Montisgard 1177
Reynald of Chatillon attacked Muslim caravans = could break truce
army trapped between Horns of Hattin
Raymond of Tripoli made 4 year truce until 1189 (his regency ended before this)
crusader leaders captured e.g. Guy
Most forces at hattin so no hope
loses acre in 1191
Richard's massacre causes Muslim outrage and makes Saladin look impotent
Fight for power
Actions against crusader states
Muslims didn't want to provoke crusade
peace remained until the 1210s
Military orders would flex but nothing would happen
feared capture of Constantinople would lead to further attacks on Muslim territory
Truce
When broken in 1204 both Al-adil and Aimery of Lusignan were quick to renew it
Saladin wanted Al-afdal to rule but his sons didn't like this
Sons took various parts of Saladin's land
Al-adil though Al-afdal was unfit and supported Al-aziz to be sultan in his place
Al-afdal in exile
Al-aziz died in 1098
Al-afdal invited to be sultan
besieged Damascus with az-Zahir
factionalism and Al-adil playing them off of eachother meant they lost
Al-afdal retreated to Cairo and sued for peace
had to give up Egypt
Al-adil now leader
Why no united Muslim response to crusader states
Muslim world before the crusades
Sunni shi'ah split
over who should be caliph after Muhammed died
Sunnis were Umayyad dynasty until 8th century but were overthrown by Abassids
centre of power was Baghdad
Shi'ahs were fatimids in egypt
caliph was head of politics
by crusades was no more than a figurehead and power was with vizier
Death of Malik Shah
power switched a lot
Malik Shah II only in power for a year in 1105 before deposed by Muhammad
Ahmed Sanhar controlled both Malik Shah II and Muhammad (1105-1118)
Fighting against each other
1106
Battle of Kabhu river 1107
Muhammad allied with Ridwan of Aleppo against Kilij Arslan, sultan of Rum - Kilij Arslan was killed
Muhammed conquered an Ismaili fortress which made him an enemy of the assasins
Uprisings
Ahmed Sanjar rose up against Mahmud in 1119 and defeated him + married Mahmud to his daughter = in real control
In Egypt there was a schism between the Nizari and Mustaali factions
In egypt
factionalism during reign of Al-amir
Nizaris didn't like him b/c he was Mustaali = was murdered in 1130
1120s = uprisings in army in black african troops
Cousin of Al-amir succeeded him but wasn't recognised by Mustaalis
killed some that were plotting with Amalric against him
set fire to the families of the Nubians houses and when they went to save them he killed them
did grant them safe passage afterwords tho
Baldwin defeats him
Third crusade