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Muslim Leaders (Zengi (Rise of Zengi (Tughtegin died in 1128 (created…

- - - - created power vacuum threatening to open Syria to threat of Frankish invasion
    - - inherits it from his stepfather Kerbogha
    - - Birth father was the governor and the sultan gave it to him because of his help against the rebel caliph
  - - - yes
        
        Turcoman and Kurdish troops join him voluntarily
        
        his Jihadi rhetoric convinced them
        
        Surrounded himself w/ religious ppl
        
        religious advisors and civil servants
        
        first to form alliance between religion and the battlefield
        
        No Jihad before then
        
        1098: massacre at Marrat and Jerusalem
        
        wanted to call for Jihad but only the Caliph in Baghdad can do so and he refused
        
        1104: important port Acre was taken
        
        Al-Sulami preaches Jihad but nothing done
      - no
        
        not good Mujahid
        
        regularly consumed alcohol
        
        swore on Qur'an that he would not harm citizens of Balbeck when he took it and then massacres them
        
        attacked Muslim neighbours
        
        spent 26 years trying to get Damascus
        
        not at forefront of cause yet
        
        not as good at it as other leaders
        
        doesn't fully come into battle field yet - spends a lot of time fighting against Muslims in Damascus (mostly diplomacy)
    - - good
        
        Meant that he was powerful because people feared him
        
        in army would crucify someone if they trampled on crops = good discipline
        
        not always brutal
        
        1137: Allows Fulk to flee Barin with his surviving troops
        
        1136: takes Marrat
        
        gives it to original heirs who had become refugees = generous
      - bad
        
        Baalbek 1139
        
        He swore on Qur'an he wouldn't harm citizens and then massacred them
        
        seen as a tyrant and untrustworthy
    - - yes
        
        Damascus
        
        1135: ruler of damascus asked for Zengi's help b/c his ppl were trying to overthrow him
        
        ruler was killed + Damascus allied with Franks against zengi
        
        May 1138: Zengi married the heiress of Damascus
        
        Possessed a lot of land by 1146
        
        Mosul, Aleppo and Edessa to the North of crusader states
        
        united force meant could get resources a lot of places
      - no
        
        didn't unite with Egypt
        
        sunni-Shi'ah split
        
        Egypt ruled by Fatimids
        
        Damascus
        
        1137 allied with Franks because fear that Zengi would take over
        
        1139: Zengi marched to besiege Damascus
        
        Damascenes allied with Franks
        
        Zengi failed in the siege
        
        never actually took damascus
  - - - Long term Weaknesses of Edessa
        
        no
        
        opportunistic attack
        
        Joscelin was away
        
        Zengi took advantage of this and weakness of the garrison
        
        yes
        
        geographically
        
        a lot of its border was surrounded by Muslim enemies
        
        sultanate of Rum quite nearby
        
        Furthest away from Jerusalem
        
        not much military help
        
        lack of manpower
        
        lack of religious significance
        
        not a pentarchy city like Jerusalem
        
        would impact motivations for second crusade
      - Rise of Muslim strength and unity
      - Frankish weaknesses
        
        Melisende and Baldwin in Feud of Jerusalem
        
        Melisende sends troops but they don't arrive in time
        
        Means not a united front against Muslim foreces
        
        Lack of Armenian troops
        
        Franks ruled from Castles so not near the Armenian countryside
        
        Armenians, the majority of the force, suffered from constant turkish invasions
        
        lack of manpower
    - - 1137: reaction to frankish alliance with Damascus against him
        
        Besieged frankish fortress of Bar'in and defeated Franks
        
        then made peace with Damascus
    - - spent 26 years trying to take damascus instead of attacking crusader states
      - only major impact was on Edessa
      - let Fulk go in 1137 at Barin
    - - 1137: Barin
        
        allowed Fulk to flee with surviving troops
- - - - adult caliph died in 1149 leading to a series of child caliphs
      - meant that Shawar was vying for power vs Shirkuh
        
        confrontations between the two sides = 1167 inconclusive victory
        
        Shawar in power but couldn't pay tribute to franks and was not popular
        
        Shirkuh entered Cairo 1169: died the same year
    - - Damascus
        
        1149 Unur of Damascus died and the new leader Abaq was not popular
        
        people didn't like the alliance with Jerusalem
        
        Nureddin blockaded city
        
        Abaq became even less popular and fled to the citadel
        
        Nureddin entered the city peacefully with gifts of food 1154
      - he inherited Aleppo
        
        brother got Mosul - no longer united
        
        when brother died, leader of Mosul recognised Nureddin as overlord
      - Was quick to take Edessa after death of Zengi
  - - - truces
      - Raymond of Tripoli
    - - yes
        
        Harim 1164
        
        Amalric launced attack on Egypt = opportunity
        
        besieged fortress
        
        because of success of Al-Buqaia Reginald (w/ Raymond, Bohemond and Joscelin) recklessly charged = massacre
        
        Battle of Inab 1149
        
        defeated Raymond of Poitiers
        
        pushed Antioch's eastern border closer to the city
        
        Capture Apamea
        
        no
        
        Al-Buqaia
  - - - Promoted Jihad
        
        organised public readings in mosques
        
        emphasised virtue of Jerusalem
        
        Won over sympathy of Muslim public
        
        Built public buildings such as religious houses, madrasas, hospitals
      - Personal piety
        
        virtue of poverty
        
        wore plain clothes
        
        abolished taxes
        
        went on pilgrimage in 1162 (after fell ill?)
        
        renounced alcohol (comparison to Zengi)
    - - Egypt
        
        did fight to gain egypt = not really muslim unity because had to fight against Shawar
        
        didn't like Saladin = sometimes didn't unite with him because worried he would get too powerful
        
        actually planned an attack on Egypt against Saladin but died beforehand
      - May have just been power hungry
        
        Egypt has a lot of economic value
        
        Encircling Outremer with egypt meant that it would be easier to defeat them and gain their land
- - - - gained it by playing Nureddin against Fatimids
        
        e.g. added Nureddin's name in friday prayers because of tensions between them
        
        Able to defeat the opposition e.g. are pro Nureddin turk by gaining support of Military
      - Placed family and trusted ones in places of power
        
        Father in control of treasuries of damietta and Alexandria
        
        more control meant he could remove fatimid caliph from friday prayers and add Baghdad instead
    - - death of Nureddin meant that his 11 year old son was in charge
      - Sayf ad din (not first one) took Aleppo and Damascus by overthrowing their leaders
        
        Saladin used Jihadi rhetoric to criticise him
        
        Damascus welcomed him with open arms and in 1174 he entered as governor
    - - attacked Saladin in 1175 at Hama
        
        Saladin defeated them
      - attacked again and were defeated meant Aleppo surrendered
        
        1181: When Saif ad-Din died he took Aleppo
  - - - personal piety
        
        Presented by Muslim scholars as a model Muslim and a champion of the faith
        
        had himself put on gold coins with the titles "The sultan of Islam"
    - - could use resources from there
      - no longer sunni-shiah split
    - - see other branch
      - refused to ally with them
    - - war with nubian palace guard early on in reign
        
        killed some that were plotting with Amalric against him
        
        set fire to the families of the Nubians houses and when they went to save them he killed them
        
        did grant them safe passage afterwords tho
  - - - truces with franks
        
        Raymond of Tripoli made 4 year truce until 1189 (his regency ended before this)
      - Third crusade
        
        loses acre in 1191
        
        Richard's massacre causes Muslim outrage and makes Saladin look impotent
      - battle of Montisgard 1177
        
        Baldwin defeats him
    - - took Jerusalem
        
        victory at Hattin
        
        Reynald of Chatillon attacked Muslim caravans = could break truce
        
        army trapped between Horns of Hattin
        
        crusader leaders captured e.g. Guy
        
        Most forces at hattin so no hope
      - Third crusade
- - - - power switched a lot
        
        Malik Shah II only in power for a year in 1105 before deposed by Muhammad
        
        Ahmed Sanhar controlled both Malik Shah II and Muhammad (1105-1118)
    - - 1106
        
        Muhammed conquered an Ismaili fortress which made him an enemy of the assasins
      - Battle of Kabhu river 1107
        
        Muhammad allied with Ridwan of Aleppo against Kilij Arslan, sultan of Rum - Kilij Arslan was killed
    - - Ahmed Sanjar rose up against Mahmud in 1119 and defeated him + married Mahmud to his daughter = in real control
      - In Egypt there was a schism between the Nizari and Mustaali factions
    - - factionalism during reign of Al-amir
        
        Nizaris didn't like him b/c he was Mustaali = was murdered in 1130
      - 1120s = uprisings in army in black african troops
      - Cousin of Al-amir succeeded him but wasn't recognised by Mustaalis
  - - - over who should be caliph after Muhammed died
      - Sunnis were Umayyad dynasty until 8th century but were overthrown by Abassids
        
        centre of power was Baghdad
      - Shi'ahs were fatimids in egypt
    - - by crusades was no more than a figurehead and power was with vizier
- - - - Sons took various parts of Saladin's land
    - - Al-afdal in exile
      - Al-aziz died in 1098
    - - besieged Damascus with az-Zahir
        
        factionalism and Al-adil playing them off of eachother meant they lost
      - Al-afdal retreated to Cairo and sued for peace
        
        had to give up Egypt
        
        Al-adil now leader
  - - - peace remained until the 1210s
      - Military orders would flex but nothing would happen
      - feared capture of Constantinople would lead to further attacks on Muslim territory
    - - When broken in 1204 both Al-adil and Aimery of Lusignan were quick to renew it