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Course MM, Seed Plants without Flowers (Division Seed Ferns (wood was…
Course MM
Seed Plants without Flowers
Division Gnetophyta
Welwitschia have short wide stems with two leaves
Gnetums are vines or small shrubs
Ephedra shrubs and bushes
Division Maidenhair tree
unknown ancestors
wood like conifers
one species
Division Cycadeoids
cones contain both micro/megasporophylls
different stomatal complexes and leaf trace organization
similar to Cycads
all extinct :warning:
Division Cycads
has seed/pollen cones
similar to seed ferns
trunk covered with bark and leave bases
stout trunks with pinnately compound leaves
Division Conifers :evergreen_tree:
pines are in this group
has pollen/seed cones
seed cones are compound cones :female_sign:
pollen cones are simple cones :male_sign:
two types of shoots
short shoots
long shoots
trees are monopodial
has woody pollen and seed cones
wood lacks vessel and sieve tubes
leaves are simple needles or scales
veins have endodermis and transfusion tissues
they are perennial
modern to gigantic size
most diverse
Division Seed Ferns
wood was manoxylic
rays were many cells wide
tracheids longer and wider
stem cells were parenchyma with a ring of vascular bundles surrounding the pith
resembled modern tree ferns
woody plant with fern like foliage that had seeds
form a grade not a clade
appeared in the Upper Devonian period
Division Progymnosperms
evolution of seeds
microspores evolved into pollen grains
telomes became cupules
pollen chambers is where microspores settled
megasporangium closely surrounded by sterile telomes
large micrpyle in the integument for the sperm to swim
megasporangium surrounded by integument
earliest known progymnosperm species with heterospory is Chauleria
Archaeopteridales
heterosporous reproduction
"fronds" resembled fern leaves
stems had a pith surrounded by a ring of primary xylem bundles
abundant wood and secondary phloem
tress up to 8.4 m tall
more derived progymnosperm
Aneurophytales
resembled trimerophytes
stem primary xylem was protostele
had vascular cambium and secondary growth
varied in stature
shrubs to large trees
more relictual progymnosperms
now extinct
no seeds/ovule precursors :forbidden:
evolution of a vascular cambium (unlimited growth with secondary xylem/phloem)
developed megaphyllous leaves
Plant Genetics
genetics
Inheritance Aspects
uniparental
maternal
mitochondrion genomes
plastid
biparental
#
ovule parent
pollen parent
both parents
Multiple Genes for 1 Trait
pleiotropic effects
effects of one mutation
multiple phenotypes
quantitative trait locus
extremely complex crosses :twisted_rightwards_arrows:
phenotypes result in many interactions
epistasis
#
not just a dominate or recessive
complex traits
Dihybrid Crosses
mutant allele
map units
analyzed "spaces"
gene linkage
haploid cells with alleles linked
#
two genes close together on a chromosome
crossing over
recombinant chromosomes
homologous chromosomes cross over
parental type chromosomes
does not undergo crossing over
on same chromosome
two genes far apart
independent assortment
9:3:3:1 ratio
two copies of each allele
two genes are on separate chromosomes
depends on position of the gene on the chromosome
two genes are studied
Monohybrid crosses
only one gene studied
test cross
complete dominance
use phenotype to find genotypes
haploids
meosis
one copy of DNA
sex cells :female_sign: :male_sign:
diploid
mitosis
individuals
two copies of DNA
selfing
pure bred lines
plant crosses with plant of same genotype
plants own pollen fertilizes own egg
heterozygous :!?:
can have multiple alleles
incomplete dominanace
not one allele over the other
one dominate/ one recessive
two different allels
homozygous :!!:
can have multiple alleles
two recessive
two dominate
two identical allels
parental generation
Punnets squares used :checkered_flag:
first filial generation
second filial generation
DNA Mutations
DNA repair processes
remove mutations
recognize mutations
somatic mutations
if in vegetative plants it can be passed to offspring
most likely not passed to plan offspring
mutations in nonsex cells
effects
depends on position & extent
major
slight
causes
transposable elements
transposon
insertion sequences
enzymes cut and rejoin DNA
short regions of a self complementary sequence
mutagens
radiation
x-rays
ultraviolet light :rainbow:
certain chemicals :biohazard_sign:
types
inversion
DNA put in backwards
insertion
DNA is added
deletion
DNA is lost
point mutation
least amount of DNA affected
DNA Replication
replication fork
5'-3'
servative replication
DNA polymerase
ribonucleotides
primer RNA
replicon
Flowers and Reproduction
flowers
parts of plants
Asexual
one plant separates and the pieces become their own individual
fragmentation
Fruit Types/Seed Dispersal
classification of fruit types
fleshy :kiwifruit:
dry :chestnut:
indehiscent fruits
dehiscent fruits
multiple fruit
aggregate fruit
simple fruit
true fruits/accessory fruits
accessory fruit nonovarian tissue
true fruits have only ovarian tissue
gravity, wind, water, and animals
Inflorescences and Pollination
#
2 basic arrangements
indeterminate inflorescences
determinate inflorescences
flowers grouped together
inflorescence
visual signal to pollinators
small flowers are better :sunflower:
Flower Structure/Cross-Pollination
animal pollinated flowers
flower shape matters
bilaterally symmetric-zygomorphic
symmetrical-actinomorphic/regular
animals and plants went through coevolution
monoecious and dioecious species
monoecious
staminate and carpellate flowers on same plant
dioecious
individuals produce only staminate flowers or carpellate flowers
nonessential organs
sepals and petals
if flower has both sexual organs
perfect flower
flowers that lack sexual organs
imperfect flowers
essential organs
produce spores
stigma/pollen incompatibility
self pollination inhibited by compatibility barriers
stamen/style maturation times
promotes cross pollination
self fertilization prevented if anthers and stigma mature differently
cross pollination
results in formation of new genes
mutation create new genes
self pollination
#
:one:
carpel pollinated by pollen by same plant
carpel pollinated by pollen of another individual
Sexual
Fruit Development :apple:
#
three layers
endocarp
innermost layer
mesocarp
middle layer
exocarp
outer layer
stigma, style, sepals, petals, and stamens wither away
ovary matures into fruit
Embryo/Seed Development
sparse/absent at maturity
seeds is exalbuminous
mature seed
albuminous seed
torpedo stage
hypocotyl
epicotyl
radicle
elongate cylinder
2 cotyledons
eudicots
basal angiosperms
cluster of cells
suspensor
embryo
grows by nuclear and cellular divisions
Fertilization
angiosperms only
process called double fertilization
undergoes karyogamy with both polar nuclei
forms large endosperm nucleus
goes to synergid in the central cell
second sperm nucleus released
syngamy
karyogamy
plasmogamy
Gametophytes
megagametophyte
multiple nuclei
egg apparatus
egg
consist of 2 synergids
3 antipodal cells
2 polar nuclei
central cell
embryo sac
microgametophyte
pollen lands on stigma
germinates to form a pollen tube
mitotic division
small generative cell
large vegetative cell
small/simple
Flower Structure
4parts
carpels :female_sign:
ovary
style
stigma
stamens :male_sign:
anther
filament
petals
sepal
incomplete flowers
lack 1 or 2 parts
complete flowers
have all 4 parts
receptacle-where everything is attached
stalk-pedicel
Plant Life Cycle
two phases
alteration of generations
gametophyte
sporophyte
mammalian gametes
megagametophytes
grew from megaspore
microgametophytes
grew from microspore
megagametes
eggs
microgametes
sperm that swim
sporophyte phase (generation)
always diploid
spores/Gametes
mitosis leads to gametophyte
syngamy/fertilization
together form a zygote
eggs :female_sign:
sperm :male_sign:
Seed Plants:Angiosperms
Eudicots
#
:two:
Asterid Clade
two orders
campanulids (euasterids II)
lamiids (euasterids I)
have iridoid compounds
petals are fused into tubes
stamen and petals alternate
few stamens
Rosid Clade
Malvids (eurosids II)
Fabids (eurosids I)
basal eudicots
Caryophyllales
no anthocyanin pigments
Ranunculaceae
early eudicots
tricolpate-3 germination pores
Monocots :one:
commeliniod monocots
Zingiberales
Poales
Arecales
unique epicuticular wax
Discoreales
starchy crops :sweet_potato:
Asparagales
open septa secrete nectar: septal nectaries
Liliales
spotted/lines petals
Alismatales
aquatic plants :sweat_drops:
perianth-tepals
from early angiosperms
Basal Angiosperms
unaperturate
three groups
Austrobaileyales
Nymphaecea
Amborellaceae
originated while angiosperm were young :baby::skin-tone-4:
Flowering Plant Classification
basal angiosperms
#
two lines of evolution
eudicots :two:
flower parts occur in sets of five :star:
vascular bundles in a ring :black_circle_for_record:
two cotyledons
monocots
#
:one:
no ordinary secondary growth
parallel viens :!!:
one cotyledon
Early Angiosperms Concept Changes
ranalean flower
these are generalized
no longer have wind pollenated plants within clade
Nonvascular Plants
evolved
characteristics
sporophyte small
gametophyte large
cuticle over much of body
multicellular sporangia/gametangia
no vascular tissue
embryophytes
Division Anthocerotophyta
sporophyte
no discrete sporangium
no seta
foot
gametophyte
winter annuals :snowflake:
don't tolerate drying
parenchymatous
Division Hepatophyta
sporophyte
homosporous
differentiate into elaters
no peristome teeth
calyptra-covered sporangium
seta
very delicate
foot
gametophyte
male-antheridiophore :male_sign:
unisexual
bisexual
produce both antheridia and archegonia
initiated when spores germinate
leafy or thallose
Division Bryophyta
metabolism
colonize bare surface and dissolve it
resistant to high/low temp & UV light
can lose much of water w/out dying
compensation for not retaining water
sporophyte generation
cell breakage is elaborate and precise
calyptra
peristome teeth
operculumn
seta between foot and sporangium
undergo meiosis
capsule
inner column of sterile cells
consist of outer layer of sterile cells
basal cell develops into foot
water :sweat_drops:
minerals
absorbs sugars
zygote undergo transverse division
gametophyte generation
reproduction
egg-archegonia :female_sign:
sperm-antheridia :male_sign:
cell undergo mitosis
protonema
water transport
conduct water along exterior
capillary action
leptoids
retain cytoplasm
lack nuclei at maturity
elongated
resemble sieve cells
hydroids
lose cytoplasm when mature
dissolve minerals
conduct water
slender stems
tissue called cortex
underside absorb water :arrow_down:
cuticle only on upper surface
grow as ribbons up to 15 cm long
grow close together
classification
3 divisions
hornworts
#
Anthocerotae
mosses
#
Bryophyta
liverworts
#
Hepatophyta
Community Ecology
Predator-Prey Interactions
apparent competition
competition amongst species
interference competition
species restrictions
exploitation competition
shared limited resource
niche overlap :handshake:
same resources
one on multiple model :heavy_multiplication_x:
optimal foraging theory
optimal diet model
Rare<abundant consumed
carrying capacity
#
one on one model
cycle up and down :arrow_up_down:
fixed quota harvesting
fixed effort harvesting
maximum sustained yield
paradox of enrichment
zero growth isocline
population stability
handling rate
predator feeding rate
Diversity
latitude
equator :hotsprings:
benign conditions
greater divrsity
far northern and southern :snowflake:
severe conditions
few species
scale
sizes
local
region
biogeographical region :world_map:
biome
S=cA^z
large=more diverse
small=less diverse
species checklist :check:
focus on several instead of all
normally incomplete :warning:
species richness
#
species abundance distribution
Interconnections
keystone species :!!:
taken out= drastic affect on community
very important
food chain :chains:
direct line
simplest
food web :spider_web:
network
energy food web
Beneficial Interactions
facilitation
plays role in succession
primary succession
nurse plants
environment enhancement
1st organism facilitates other
mutualism :heavy_plus_sign: :heavy_plus_sign:
#
both have cost
both help each other survive
Metapopulation
local populations interconnected
#
condensed to patches
fungitive species
sink habitat
low quality
source habitat
high quality
gene flow
migration :bird:
Woody Plants :deciduous_tree:
Secondary Growth
unusual growth
established growth
palm trees :palm_tree:
anomalous secondary growth
included phloem
provides protection
between bands of xylem
alternative cambia produce secondary bodies
roots
consist mostly of sclerenchyma
fusiform initials
ray initials
Outer Bark
lenticels
aerenchymatous cork
align to permit oxygen across
periderm
temporary protection
impervious and tough
phelloderm
cork cells
cork cambium
cork cambium/phellogen
tissues outside outer bark
matures into phelloderm
creates cork cell/ phellem cells
cuboidal cells
Secondary Phloem
radical system
storage use
parenchyma cells
axial system
fibers and nonconducting parenchyma
companion cell
sieve tube members
conducting up/down stem/root
Secondary Xylem
types of wood cells
axial system
softwoods
hardwoods
fibers
strength/flexibility :muscle::skin-tone-3:
tracheary elements
carry out longitudinal conduction of water
from fusiform initials
radial system
trachieds
circular bordered pith
secondary cell wall
horizontal/rectangular cells
parenchyma
upright cells procumbent cells
store carbohydrates
arranged in rays
from ray initials
reaction wood
prevent from drooping
gelatinous fibers with walls rich in cellulose
growth rings eccentric
response to stress
sapwood
new layer each year
moister :sweat_drops:
lighter
heartwood
annual ring converted
dark wood
growth rings
annual ring/growth ring
vessels restricted
ring porous
vessels throughout
diffuse porous
years growth
late wood
year older
stronger
heavier
larger
lower proportion vessels
summer wood
early wood
first wood/spring wood
high proportion wide vessels
Vascular Cambium
Arrangement of Cells
fusiform initials
irregular no horizontal pattern: nonstoried cambium
regular horizontal rows: storied cambium
ray initials
grouped together short vertical rows
2 cell types
ray initials
#
#
periclinal cell divisions
cuboidal
short
Fusiform initials
#
#
anticlinal walls
periclinal wall
longitudinal cell division
long tapered
Interfascicular Cambium
only when cambium is young
mature parenchyma cells
Fascicular Cambium
only when cambium is young
cells never mature
Leaves
parts of plants
Morphology and Anatomy
Insect Traps
leave with Kranz Anatomy
tendrils
spines
bud scales
leaves of conifers :christmas_tree:
#
sclerophyllous foliage
succulent leaves
Initiation/Development
monocots
#
basal angiosperms/eudicots
leaf primordium
Internal Structure
petiole
leaf traces
vascular tissues
bundle sheath
minor veins
lateral veins
mid rib
mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
palisade parenchyma
epidermis
stomata
transporation
External Structure
#
viens
petiolule
compound leaf
simple leaf
sheathing leaf blade
sessile leaf
petiole
ventral surface
dorsal surface
leaf blade
Vascular Plants, No Seeds
evolved
Vascular Cryptogams
lack seeds, flowers, fruits :forbidden:
ferns and fern allies
Megaphyll Evolution: Euphyllophytes
ferns :herb:
two types of sporangia
leptosporangia
eusporangium
fiddle head leaves :violin:
leaves leathery or delicate
leaf trace/ leaf gap
perennial/ herbaceous
in any habitat
monilophyte
leptosporangiate
equisetophytes
true monopodial growth
have sporangiophore
scouring rushes
horsetails :horse:
division of Arthrophyta
origin of megephylls
summarized by telome theory
leaves that evolved from branch systems
trimmerophytes
#
pseudomonopodial branching
overtopping trend
strongly resemble rhyniophytes
Microphyll Evolution: lycophytes
extant genera
ligule
bisexual
#
microspore :male_sign:
megaspore :female_sign:
small herbs :herb:
common in forest :evergreen_tree:
heterospory
precondition for the evolution of seeds :seedling:
sporangia together in groups: cones/strobili
morphology
vascular cambium had a flaw
had secondary growth
evolution of true roots
evolved from small enations
come from zosterophyllophytes
#
Early Plants
zosterophyllophytes
grew in small bunches
sporangia were lateral that opened transversely
exarch protostele
no secondary growth
small herbs :herb:
rhyniophytes
homosphorous
equal dichotomous branching
no leaves :forbidden:
simple short cylinders
upright stems :arrow_up_down:
Population Genetics and Evolution
evolved
Evolution/Origin of Life
chemosynthesis
oxygen
to much could have killed everything
aerobic respiration conditions
world rusted
oxidizing atmosphere
evolution of photosynthesis
bacteriochlorophyll
evolution of chlorophyll a
water to oxygen molecule
metabolism
electron transport/hydrogen pumping
glycolysis
two steps long with two enzymes
absorbed material from ocean
complete heterotrophs
aggregation
helped info molecule replicate
grew
fatty acid/proteins
chemical to masses
polymers
binded to clay particles
needed high concentration
monomers in ocean
conditions
no molecular oxygen
heat/electricity energy source
mainly hydrogen
hot and rocky :mountain:
Speciation
convergent evolution
same phenotype favored
two species
fundamental
divergent
adaptive radiation
#
genetic drift
founder individual
new habitat
short time
reproductively isolated
abiological reproductive barrier
biological reproductive barrier
postzygotic internal isolation mechanism
hybrid inviability
hybrid sterility
prezygotic isolation mechanism
sympatric speciaton
others stay same
populations
phyletic
gene flow
#
seed dispersal :seedling:
pollen transfer
gradual
1 species
Evolution Rates
disruptive mutations more likely are more rapidly
loss of structure/metabolism are quick
more intricate=less likely random change benefit
mutations rarely superior to affect population
most populations already well adapted
most studies concern structures
#
trichomes
shoots
fruits :kiwifruit:
leaves :leaves:
flowers :sunflower:
Population Genetics
gene pool :swimmer::skin-tone-3:
changes
natural selection
not including
voluntary decisions
planning
intention
purpose
survival of the fittest :muscle::skin-tone-4:
most significant
artificial selection
accidents
drought
volcanic eruptions :volcano:
flood
mutations
all individuals
number of alleles in sex cell :female_sign: :male_sign:
Genetic Basis
#
Gene Analysis
restriction endonucleases
DNA ligase
repair cuts
cuts at the seqeunces
palindroms
binds to specific sequences
bacteria enzymes
DNA hybridization
determines relatedness of strands
cooling
reformation
DNA melting
heating
two strands
DNA seperation
Protein Levels Control
micro RNA
transcription factors
trans-acting factors
structural proteins
enzymes
active when phosphate group added
arrival of hormones
kinases
inactive
Protein Synthesis
messenger RNA (mRNA)
Elongation
A channel
anticodon bind with codon
amino acid
P channel
contains tRNA
protein
translation
termination
protein is released
P channel tRNA bond broken
stop codon in A channel
initiation
frame shift error
eukaryotic initiation factors
by ribosome under mRNA guidance
protein synthesis
transfer RNA (tRNA)
amino acid attachment site
must be precise
amino acid activation
anticodon
#
3'-5'
hydrogen bonds to codons
complementary to codons
ribosomes
rRNA
large subunit: 1 of each of the 3 types
small subunit: 1 molecule
construct proteins guided by info
small particles
read genetic messages in mRNA
Genetic Information
transcription
#
poly (A) tail
hnRNA
hairpin loop
A-T/T-A
2 hydrogen bonds
C-G/G-C
3 hydrogen bonds
free ribonucleotides
DNA separate
structure
promoter
enhancer elements
cis-acting factors
RNA polymerase II
TATA box
cis-acting factors
upstream
regulate mRNA synthesis
controlling
structural region
introns
exons
codes for amino acid sequence
codes
codons
#
start codon
protein synthesis begin
AUG
stop codons
UGA
UAG
UAA
mRNA
5'-3'
nucleotides
64 possible
groups of three
protection
histone protiens
DNAases
chromatin
nucleosomes
stored in nucleus
messenger RNA
Transport Process
Short Distance Intercellular Transport
motor cells
located along midrib
expel potassium
accumulate potassium
apoplast
nonglands
cell wall
glands
intercellular space molecules move through
transfer cells
rapid short distance
larger number of materials pumped
large surface area
guard cells
open-potassium ions actively transported surrounding to guard cells
close-hydraulic equilibrium with surrounding cells
open/close stomatal pores
Water Potential
matric potential
negative :heavy_minus_sign:
adhesion to nondissolved structures
osmotic potential
number of particles present
always negative :heavy_minus_sign:
solutes on water potential
pressure potential
measured in megapascals
positive/negative :heavy_minus_sign: :heavy_plus_sign:
pressure on water potential
free energy :recycle:
decreased by lowering
decreased by reducing pressure
decreased by cooling :snowflake:
increased when elevated
increased under pressure
increased by being heated :hotsprings:
chemical potential
Concentration Movements
Active Transport
#
across vacuolar membrane
intercellular trasport
ATP use :zap:
molecular points
Osmosis :sweat_drops:
across vacuolar membrane
intercellular transport
selectively permeable membrane
water pass through
aquaporin
certain substances pass through :
completely impermeable membrane
water pass through
aquaporins
isolation barriers
nothing pass through :no_entry:
freely permeable membrane
water pass through
aquaporins
little biological significance
all solutes pass through :check:
diffusion through membranes
Diffusion
high to low concentration
random movement of particles
simpliest
Long Distance Transport
Xylem
#
cohesion-tension hypothesis
air bubble forms
embolism
water column broken
cavitation
never conduct water again :forbidden:
water interacts strongly with polymers
water moves upward easily :check:
water
loss
transcuticular transpiration
transstomatal transpiration
water loss in atmsphere
guard cell
adhesive
cohesive
Phloem
sinks
transported phloem sap
P-protein plug
P-protein
STM/CC complex
polymer trap mechanism
active transport
sources
water/nutrient trasnport sites
pressure flow hpothesis
Roots
Internal Structures
Mature Portions
mature edodermis
Root pressure
Passage cells
Zone of Maturation
Casparian Strips
endodermis
root hairs grow
Zone of Elongation
cell enlarging
cell expansion
Root Apical Meristem
quiescent center
Root cap :tophat:
Constant Regeneration
Protect apical meristem
Remain in place
#
Relationships
Strangler Fig Roots
soil contact penetrate and branch rapidly
no soil contact use rainwater
grow on host
Haustoria
grows around or secrete adhesive
parasites :biohazard_sign:
Root Nodules
Bacterium
nitrogen fixation
mycorrhizae
Fungis :mushroom:
endomycorrhizal relationship
don't pass casparian strip
ectomycorrhizal relationship
no cell invasion
Root Types
Contractile Roots
keep stems proper depth
bring shoot to soil level
firmly fixed to soil
Aerial Roots
velamen
waterproof barrier :non-potable_water:
surface of other trees
Prop Roots
buttress roots
Stabilizers
grow through air :wind_blowing_face:
Storage Root
produce new shoot in spring
long term
External Structures
Individual Structure
Root Hair
#
Zone Elongation
Cell Division/Expansion
Root Apical Meristem
Root Cap
mucigel
Fibrous Root System
Adventitious Roots
Grow on own not from others
Many small roots
Taproot
Main
Beets :leaves:
Carrot :carrot:
Lateral Roots
Grows from Taproot
#
Sweet Potato :sweet_potato:
Plant Stems
parts of plants
Growth/Differentaition
provascular tissues/groundmeristem
#
subapical meristems
metapholem
ptotophloem
metaxylem
protoxylem
protoderm
#
apical meristems
Internal Components
epidermis
#
vascular tissues
phloem
#
sieve element
xylem
tracheid elements
#
vessel
cortex
#
#
interior
trichomes
multicellular
unicellular
stoma
stomatal pore
guard cell
cutin/cuticle
wall impermeable to water
outer tangential wall
outermost surface
External Components
trunk
main shoot
vertical/very tall
shape/size
tubers
horizontal
rhizomes
horizontal/fleshy
corms
vertical/thick
bulbs
short
leaf axil
axillary bud
terminal bud
bud scales
internodes
between leaves
stolons :runner::skin-tone-4:
nodes
leaves :leaves:
phyllotaxy
spiral
whorled
opposite
alternate
Cells/Tissues
sclerenchyma
sclereids
stones :peach:
pits :cherries:
walnut shells :chestnut:
mechanical
conducting
collenchyma
long/flexable
elongating shoot tips
parenchyma
tissues
phloem
Cells
chlorenchyma cells
involved in photosynthesis
transport cells
transport materials
glandular cells
resins
nectar
fragrances
Populations & Ecosystems
Structure of Ecosystem
trophic levels
leads to
decomposers
secondary consumers
primary consumer
primary producers
species composition
temporal structure
physiognomic structure
life forms
physical environment
Population Structure
r/K selection
crowded habitat is a K condidtion
fire/flood/disturbances create r conditions
Age Distribution
carrying capacity
#
intrinsic rate of natural increase/biotic potential
generation time
demography
geographic distribution
#
uniform distribution
allelopathy
allelochemics
evenly spaced
clumped distribution
spacing small or large
random distribution
no identifiable pattern of individuals
limiting factor
nitrogen
sun light :sunny:
rainfall :rain_cloud:
Relationships w/ Habitats
Biotic
other organisms
pathogenic
predation
herbivory
grazing
browsing
commensal relationship
animal fungi prokaryotes
other plants
competitive exclusion
competition
mutualism
one or more
plant itself
my be beneficial detrimental or neutral
Abiotic
Latitude/Altitude
amount of direct sunlight
seasons
temperature
soil factors
C horizon
rock fragments
parent rocks
B horizon
humus/clay
rich in nutrients
accumulates materials
A horizon
breaks down rainwater
litter/debris
upper most :arrow_up:
1st plant: pioneer :one:
formed by rock breakdown
climate
relative humidity
rainfall
tolerance range
hail
snow :snowflake:
rain :thunder_cloud_and_rain:
wind
temp :thermometer:
growing season
lowest :arrow_down:
highest :arrow_up:
Photosynthesis
Production of ATP
Environmental/Internal Factors
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
C4 Metabolism
Photorespiration
Water
Quality
Amount
Structure
Stomata
closed
open
Light
Duration
Quanity
Quality
Reactions
Stroma Reactions
C3 cycle
PGAL
RuBP carboxylase
RuBP
PGA
Anabolic Metabolism
Long-term storage
Starch and lipids
Intermediate-term storage
Glucose and sucrose
Short-term storage
ATP and NADPH
Light Dependent
ATP Synthetase
CF0-CF1 complex
photosystem I
light :bulb:
reaction center
P700
NADP+
NADPH
ferredoxin
photosystem II
photosystem I
plastocyanin
cytochrome b6f
plastoquinone
light :bulb:
P680
reaction center
pigment
carotenoids
chlorophyll b
chlorophyll a
light :bulb:
visible light :rainbow:
350 nm - 760 nm
electromagnetic radiation spectrum
photons
waves
Energy :zap:
Electron Carriers
plastoquinones
plastocyanin
cytochromes
NADP+
#
NAD+
#
Redox Reactions
oxidized compound
NADP+
NAD+
electrons taken away
reduced compound
NADPH
NADH
electrons added
ATP Production
oxidative phosphorylation
substrate-level phosphorylation
photophosphorylation
Respiration
Environmental/Internal factors
Internal Regulation
Metabolic controls
Hormones
Dormant periods
Lack of Oxygen
Anoxia
Hypoxia
Temperature
Aerobic Respiration
More Efficent
O2 is Present
Citric Acid Cycle
in mitochondrial matrix
Fatty Acids
#
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Heat Energy
NADH
#
2 ATP made
FADH2
#
Obligate Aerobes
Plants :leaves:
Animals :dog:
Electron Transport Chain
in inner membrane
Heat energy
oxidizing
NADH
NAD+
H+
Flow through proton pump
1 more item...
FADH2
FAD
2H+
Flow through proton pump
1 more item...
Glycolysis
in Cytosol
Glucose molecule
4 ATP made
Yields 2 ATP
Heat energy
2 ATP used
NADH
#
Pyruvate
#
Facultative Aerobes
Certain Fungi :mushroom:
Animal Tissues
Anaerobic Respiration
O2 is Absent
Fermentation
Conducted by Yeast
glucose/starches
ethanol
#
Spirits :tropical_drink:
higher ethanol content
Wheat
Barley
Rye
Corn
Wine :wine_glass:
fruit juices with high sugar
Elderberry
Peaches
Grapes
Beer :beer_mugs:
Rice
Corn
Wheat
Barely
Facultative Anaerobes
Certain fungi :mushroom:
Acetaldehyde
#
Ethanol
#
Animal tissues
Lactate
Lactic acid
#
Obligate Anaerobes
Bacteria
Glycolysis
Glucose molecule
Heat energy
NADH
4 ATP made
Yields 2 ATP
2 Pyruvate molecules
#
2 ATP used
