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Botany, Classification and Systematics # (Cladistics:is a method of…

- - - - molecules interacts with many other substances
    - - water molecules interacts with other water molecules
- - - - synthesis of a protein molecule by ribosomes under the guidance of mRNA
    - - During protein synthesis, amino acids are carried to ribosomes by ribonucleic acids
    - - small particles that “read” the genetic message in mRNA
  - - - contain only protein and nucleic acid.
    - - portions of genes of the host species or a species closely related to the host
    - - invade a living cell in order to reproduce
  - - - effective for fragments less than several hundred bases long
    - - single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) are allowed to interact so that complexes called hybrids are formed by molecules with similar, complementary sequences.
    - - DNA to be sequenced is first cloned to obtain a large sample and is then divided into four batches
    - - method of placing DNA fragments into bacteria
    - - plastid DNA is a small molecule containing only 60,000 to 80,000 base pairs. Treatment with the Pst I restriction endonuclease produces about 10 to 20 fragments.
- - - - If the two gene are on separate chromosomes, the alleles of one gene move independently of the alleles of other gene
  - - - if two chromosome donot undergo independent assortment during meiosis I; two genes are linked
- - - - Foremost was intense UV and gamma radiation from the sun
    - - initially hot and rocky and had an atmosphere composed mostly of hydrogen
- - - - survival of the fittest
    - - change the allele frequency of a gene pool
    - - an organism cannot adapt, such as the collision of a large meteorite with Earth
    - - existing alleles decrease in frequency, and new alleles increase
- - - - death of patches of tissue
    - - leaves lack Chlorophyll
- - - - l
    - - Located interior to the cortex