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Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flowers( Gymnosperms) (Division…

- - - - Naked ovules
- - - - Secondary growth, trees up to 12m
    - - sporophyte
    - - secondary Phloem trees upto 8.4m
        
        Primary xylem
- - - - Root nodules on legumes such as alfaalfa
      - Nostoc, Azobacter are nitrogrn fixing microorganisms
- - - - Silt
      - Clay particles
      - Fine sand
      - Coarse sand
- - - - Transcuticular Transpiration
        
        water loss through cuticle
      - Transstomatal Transpiration
      - Cohesion -tension hypothesis
        
        Stomatal pores open unavoidably allowing water loss
    - - Adhesive
      - Cohesive
- - - - symplast(cytoplasm and plasma membrane)
      - cell to cell across membrane
      - Apoplast(through porous cell)
    - - transport of sugar from sugar source, parenchyma cell
    - - helps in shaping cell by altering turgidity
    - - cells surrouding stomata
- - - - overall shift of allele distribution in an isolated population due to random fluctuation in individual allele of gene
    - - individual organism that posses favorable traits are most likely to survive and reproduce
    - - change in genetic sequence
- - - - Number of individuals with particular genotype in population/Total number of individual in population
    - - Number of copies of an allele in population/Total number of all alleles for that gene in population
- - - - Indehiscent Fruits
      - Dehiscent Fruits
- - - - Tertiary consumer
      - Producers
      - Secondary Coonsumer
      - Primary Consumer
  - - - Predation and parasitism
      - competition
      - Commensalism
      - Mutualism
    - - Apparent Competition
      - Competition Between species
        
        Interference Competition
        
        Exploitation Competition
      - Predator Selection among Multiple Prey
      - One Predator, One Prey
        
        Lotka - Volterra model
        
        dN/dt = rN-aNP, dP/dt = faNP-qP
    - - Diversity and Latitude
        
        Equatorial Latitude
        
        Higher diversity than high latitude
        
        High latitude
        
        lower diversity
      - Diversity and Scale
        
        Biogeographical Region
        
        extremely large region that coincides with continent
        
        Biome
        
        Large region characterized by dominant plant influenced by climate change
        
        Region
        
        area larger than few squarekilometer
        
        Local
        
        small area less than few squarekilometers
    - - Food Web
      - Food Chain
- - - - spacing between plants is either small or large
    - - used when there is no obvious identifiable pattern to position of individual
  - - - many defenses
      - fewer,larger seeds
      - late maturity
      - perennial
    - - few mechanical or chemical defenses
      - many small seeds
      - early maturity
      - annual
- - - - Tracheids
        
        Dead maturity
      - Vessel elements
    - - Sieve cells
      - Companion cells
      - Sieve tube elements
- - - - Fibers
        
        Long,elongated
      - Sclereids
        
        provide gritty texture
        
        extremely variable in shape, present in various tissue of plants
- - - - Parenchyma
      - Fibers
      - Vessels
      - Tracheids
- - - - Removal of waste
    - - carry genetic heredity
    - - power house of cell
    - - secretion and intracellular transportation